chapter 12 and 13 practice quiz
11. Which structure is formed by the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal? a. Cauda equina b. Conus medullaris c. Filum terminale d. Lumbar enlargement
11. A. The cauda equina is formed by spinal nerve roots that hang inferiorly below the conus medullaris, which ends the spinal cord.
14. Proprioceptors are found in _________. a. Muscle and tendons b. Walls of blood vessels c. The skin d. The retina
A. Muscle spindles and tendon organs function as proprioceptors, which determine stretch of the organ for the purpose of determining body position.
21. Which parts of the nervous system serve as the origin for descending pathways that allow complex control of skeletal muscles? a. Motor cortex and brainstem b. Motor cortex and cerebellum c. Basal nuclei and cerebellum d. Brainstem and spinal cord
A. The motor cortex and brainstem form the projection level of motor control at which direct and indirect motor pathways originate.
18. Which function is incorrectly matched with its associated cranial nerve a. moving your eyeball—II b. sticking out your tongue—XII c. controlling your heart rate and digestive activity—X d. shrugging your shoulders—XI
A. The optic nerve (II) carries only sensory fibers. The oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI) nerves control eye movements.
9. Put the following structures in order to summarize the common flow of CSF from its site of formation to its reabsorption to its return to cardiovascular circulation.
D. CSF is formed by filtration of blood in the choroid plexus of each ventricle and returns to blood when absorbed by the dural venous (or superior sagittal) sinus.
16. Which of the following is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia? a. Alzheimer's disease b. Huntington's disease c. Parkinson's disease d. mad cow disease
a. Alzheimer's disease
42. Choose the true statement. a. The flexor reflex is initiated by painful stimuli. b. Stretch reflexes are hyperactive in comatose patients. c. The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a superficial reflex. d. The abdominal reflex is an example of a tendon reflex.
a. The flexor reflex is initiated by painful stimuli.
30. Most nerves are able to transmit impulses both to and from the central nervous system. a. True b. False
a. True
35. All spinal nerves are mixed nerves. a. True b. False
a. True
5. Spatial discrimination is the ability to identify the specific region of the body being stimulated. a. True b. False
a. True
4. What is the main role of the olfactory cortex? a. detection of odors b. spatial discrimination c. sound interpretation d. sight
a. detection of odors
26. Simple receptors that are particularly abundant in epithelia and connective tissue tend to __________. a. have nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings b. be sense organs c. be mechanoreceptors d. only have encapsulated nerve endings
a. have nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings
37. The pinching motion (with opposed thumb and forefinger) is highly dependent upon impulses transmitted by the __________. a. median nerve b. axillary nerve c. musculocutaneous nerve d. ulnar nerve
a. median nerve
1. All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________. a. neural tube b. hindbrain c. telencephalon d. cerebellum
a. neural tube
28. The final level of neural integration in the somatosensory system is the __________ level. a. perceptual b. abstraction c. receptor d. circuit
a. perceptual
9. Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon? a. perithalamus b. epithalamus c. thalamus d. hypothalamus
a. perithalamus
32. A nerve that carries autonomic signals away from the central nervous system is classified as a __________. a. visceral efferent b. somatic efferent c. somatic afferent d. visceral afferent
a. visceral efferent
14. Which of the following meninges forms the loose, mid-layer brain covering? a. dura mater b. arachnoid mater c. pia mater d. casa mater
b. arachnoid mater
23. Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? a. ganglia b. brain c. sensory receptors d. motor endings
b. brain
21. Which of the following are in the lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter? a. cell bodies of somatic motor neurons b. cell bodies of autonomic motor neuronsc. interneurons that receive input from visceral sensory neurons d. interneurons that receive input from somatic sensory neurons
b. cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
29. Fast-adapting receptors are called __________. a. threshold receptors b. phasic receptors c. sensory receptors d. tonic receptors
b. phasic receptors
18. Which of the following conditions results from viral destruction of ventral horn motor neurons? a. meningitis b. poliomyelitis c. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis d. paraplegia
b. poliomyelitis
41. In a reflex arc, the __________ transmits afferent impulses to the central nervous system. a. integration center b. sensory neuron c. receptor d. effector
b. sensory neuron
7. __________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities NOT shared by its partner. a. Hemispherication b. Cortical association c. Lateralization d. Hemispherical association
c. Lateralization
33. Which of the following statements about cranial nerves is FALSE? a. In most cases, cranial nerves are named for the structures they serve or for their functions. b. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. c. The cranial nerves are limited to the head and neck region. d. Most cranial nerves serve structures in the head and neck.
c. The cranial nerves are limited to the head and neck region.
15. Which of the following protects the brain from blood borne metabolic wastes and most drugs? a. dura mater b. pia mater c. blood brain barrier d. cerebrospinal fluid
c. blood brain barrier
27. Which of the following have nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings? a. lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles b. muscle spindles c. hair follicle receptors d. tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles
c. hair follicle receptors
40. Which of the following structures is involved in the projection level of motor control? a. cerebellum b. cerebral basal nuclei c. primary motor cortex d. spinal cord
c. primary motor cortex
39. The lowest level of motor control is the __________. a. upper motor level b. precommand level c. segmental level d. projection level
c. segmental level
8. __________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. a. The hypothalamus b. Broca's area c. The thalamus d. The cerebral white matter
d. The cerebral white matter
25. Proprioceptors advise the brain of __________. a. pain localization b. the temperature of the skin c. chemical imbalances d. body movements
d. body movements
10. Which of the following regulates body temperature, food intake, and endocrine functions? a. epithalamus b. thalamus c. pineal body d. hypothalamus
d. hypothalamus
12. Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of the brain? a. pons b. cerebellum c. midbrain d. medulla oblongata
d. medulla oblongata
19. Cerebral palsy may be caused by a temporary lack of oxygen during birth. a. True b. False
a. True
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic regions of a cerebral hemisphere? a. the superficial cortex of gray matter b. the diencephalon c. the internal white matter d. the basal nuclei
b. the diencephalon
11. Which of the following is NOT one of the major regions of the brain stem? a. medulla oblongata b. pons c. cerebellum d. midbrain
c. cerebellum
34. The first two pairs of cranial nerves attach to the __________. a. medulla oblongata b. brain stem c. forebrain d. spinal cord
c. forebrain
20. Anencephaly is a result of incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and can be caused by inadequate folic acid in the maternal diet. a. True b. False
20. False
8. Which of the following cell types is not directly involved in forming the blood-brain barrier? a. endothelial cells b. Pericytes c. Neuron d. Astrocytes
C. The blood-brain barrier is formed by the cells that form and wrap blood vessels.
13. People with __________ lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. a. narcolepsy b. insomnia c. sleep apnea d. epilepsy
a. narcolepsy
36. If the phrenic nerve were severed, what would be the most immediate effect? a. The upper limbs would be paralyzed. b. Breathing would stop. c. The sense of smell would be blocked. d. The ability to swallow would be blocked.
b. Breathing would stop.
6. Which of the following best describes the multimodal association cortex? a. It regulates our heart and other involuntary muscles in response to environmental stimuli. b. It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take. c. It permits the perception of sound stimuli and stores them for future reference. d. It integrates sensory input to produce an understanding of an object being felt.
b. It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take.
22. Transection (cross sectioning) of the spinal cord at T3 results in __________. a. Quadriplegia b. Paraplegia c. spinal shock d. paresthesias
b. Paraplegia
17. Choose the true statement regarding second-order neurons. a. Second-order neurons conduct impulses to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse. b. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. c. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the thalamus. d. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
b. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
38. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the sciatic nerve? a. The sciatic nerve is the thickest and longest nerve in the body. b. The sciatic nerve is a single nerve. c. The sciatic nerve is the largest branch of the sacral plexus. d. The sciatic nerve supplies the entire lower limb except for the anteromedial thigh.
b. The sciatic nerve is a single nerve.
3. Choose the true statement regarding pyramidal cells. a. They provide control of our involuntary muscles. b. They allow us to control our skeletal muscles. c. They integrate sensory input to produce an understanding of an object being felt. d. They are found within the cerebral sulci.
b. They allow us to control our skeletal muscles.
7. Which of the following is not closely associated with brain structures making up the reticular formation? a. connecting emotional states to autonomic responses b. relaying ascending sensory signals that keep the cerebral cortex aroused and alert c. filtering weak and repetitive sensory information d. control center for subconscious motor activities
A. Motor outputs for autonomic functions are found in the brainstem, but the control centers that initiate responses to emotional stimuli are found in the hypothalamus and other limbic system regions.
1. Which area of the brain has an outer layer of gray matter? a. Cerebellum and cerebrum b. Brainstem and cerebrum c. Brainstem and cerebellum d. Diencephalon and cerebrum e. Diencephalon and brainstem
A. The superficial layer of gray matter forms the cortex of the cerebrum and cerebellum.
4. Which of the following brain structures is paired with an inaccurate description of its function? a. Thalamus-relay of motor information from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem b. Epithalamus-regulating of sleep-wake cycles c. hypothalamus-control center for both autonomic and nervous and endocrine system d. pituitary gland-release hormones
A. The thalamus relays information to, not away from, the cerebral cortex.
22. What role does an interneuron play during the knee-jerk stretch reflex? a. Interneurons excite motor neurons controlling extensors of the stimulated leg. b. Interneurons inhibit motor neurons controlling flexors of the stimulated leg. c. Interneurons branch to allow control of both flexors and extensors of the stimulated leg. d. Interneurons cross over the spinal cord to control the muscles of the unstimulated leg.
B. Branches of afferent fibers from the stretched extensor muscles synapse with interneurons that inhibit motor neurons controlling antagonistic muscles.
3. The anterior most area of the cerebrum is associated with which distinctive function? a. Perception of the visual stimulus b. Applying intellect and cognition c. Understanding written and spoken language d. Conscious control of skeletal muscle movement
B. Intellect, cognition, recall, and personality are among the complex functions generated within the anterior association area, also called the prefrontal cortex.
16. What structure links the receptor and circuit levels of the somatosensory system? a. synapses between second and third-order sensory neurons. b. axons of first-order sensory neurons c. brainstem nuclei d. dorsal root ganglia
B. Peripheral axons of first-order sensory neurons enter the CNS and connect to the circuit level of the somatosensory system as they synapse with second-order sensory neurons.
13. Which of the following is not a way in which sensory receptors are classified? a. whether or not the sensory nerve fibers are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule b. means by which the sensory receptors communicate to sensory neurons c. whether the sensory receptor responds to stimuli that originate inside or outside the body d. the type of stimuli to which the sensory receptor responds.
B. Sensory receptors are classified based on stimulus type, stimulus location, and receptor structure.
12. Pyramidal motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the _________. a. Spinal dorsal horn b. Spinal ventral horn c. Dorsal root ganglion d. Primary motor cortex
B. Upper motor neurons of the pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts originate within the primary motor cortex. They synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horn, which then exit the CNS via the ventral roots.
23. Which reflex is most associated with responses to painful stimuli? a. Stretch reflex b. Flexor reflex c. Tendon reflex d. Superficial reflex
B.The flexor, or withdrawal, reflex, causes automatic movement of a threatened body part away from a painful stimulus
15. Generation of a receptor potential of a receptive cell leads to a change in _________. a. the magnitude of generator potentials transmitted by the cell b. the frequency of action potentials transmitted by the cell c. the frequency of action potentials transmitted by the cell
C. Stimuli produce graded potentials in receptors. Receptive cells (such as those found in special sense organs) respond by releasing neurotransmitters that convey signals to sensory neurons.
2. What anatomical landmark of the cerebral cortex separates primary motor areas from somatosensory areas? a. longitudinal fissure b. Transverse fissure c. Central sulcus d. Lateral sulcus
C. The central sulcus separates primary motor areas within the precentral gyrus from somatosensory areas in the post central gyrus.
19. Damage to the spinal region associated with which nerve plexus would result in loss of respiratory function? a. Brachial b. Lumbar c. Cervical d. Sacral
C. The phrenic nerve formed from the ventral rami of C3-C5 supplies nerve fibers to the diaphragm, which is the chief muscle causing breathing movements.
5. Head and eye movements associated with visual and auditory reflexes are controlled by which brainstem region? a. Medulla oblongata b. Pons c. Midbrain d. Thalamus
C. Visual and auditory reflexes are generated within the nuclei of the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.
17. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Nerves contain either myelinated or unmyelinated fibers, but rarely both. b. Nerves carrying motor fibers contain either somatic or autonomic fibers, but rarely both. c. Nerves contain either sensory or motor fibers, but rarely both. d. Ganglia in the PNS contains the cell bodies of either sensory or motor neurons, but rarely both.
D. Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers, such as the dorsal root ganglia, contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. Ganglia associated with efferent nerve fibers mostly contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.
10. Which condition is most specifically associated with functional defects arising within the basal nuclei? a. CVAs b. Alzheimer's disease c. Concussion d. Parkinson's disease
D. Parkinson's disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons that control motor functions within the basal nuclei.
6. Which of the following statements best describes the function of the cerebellum? a. Initiate consciously controlled movements of skeletal muscles b. Relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex c. Relay motor commands along descending pathways d. Calculate appropriate force and direction of intended muscle movements
D. The cerebellum determines a "blueprint" of coordinated movement based upon its evaluation of body position and momentum. This information is then communicated to the motor control centers, which initiate movement by generating descending motor commands.
20. Which of the following structures contains only autonomic motor fibers? a. Ventral root b. Dorsal root c. Ventral ramus d. Rami communicantes
D. The rami communicantes contain autonomic (visceral) nerve fibers that branch from the base of the ventral rami to the sympathetic trunk ganglion.
31. Most central nervous system axons are able to regenerate following injury. a. True b. False
False
24. What are the sensory receptors to the stimuli they detect? a. Stretch b. Temperature c. Light energy d. Chemical is solution e. Pain
Mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors
