Chapter 12: Parts of Speech (Verbs + Adverbs + Prepositions + Conjunctions)

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in a sentence. - The cat *in* the tree is mine. - The cat *beside* the tree is mine. - The cat *in front of* the tree is mine.

Interjection

A word used to express emotion. - It does not have a grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.

Conjunctions

A word used to join words or groups of words

Adverb

A word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb - tells: where, when, how, or to what extent (how much/ how long)

Often an adverb is simply an adjective with -ly added.

Adjective: careful, easy, loud, real Adverb: carefully, easily, loudly, really

Commonly Used Prepositions

aboard, about, above, across,, plus, prior to, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon, with, within, without, etc.

Correlative Conjunctions Ex

*Both* Jupiter *and* Saturn have rings. (two nouns) Please drive me *either* to the bus stop *or* to the train station. (two prepositional phrases) *Not only* did Luis drop the ball, *but* he *also* fell into the dugout. (two clauses)

Modifying Adverbs

*Quite* suddenly, the meeting ended. - The adverb *quite* modifies the adverb *suddenly,* telling *how suddenly* the meeting ended. The cars moved *somewhat* sluggishly. - The adverb *somewhat* modifies the adverb *sluggishly,* telling *how sluggishly* the cars moved.

Modifying Verbs

*Soon* everyone went *inside*. - The adverb *soon* tells *when* everyone went, and the adverb *inside* tells *where* everyone went. Peter tried to work *alone*. - The adverb *alone* tells *how* Peter wanted to *work*.

Interjection Ex

*Yikes!* That water is cold. *Aha!* I knew you were hiding there. *Oh,* you always know the answer.

Some helping verbs may be used as main verbs.

- I can *be* ready in five minutes. - We *have* a new substitute teacher.

Coordinating Conjunction Ex

- Kai *or* Samuel will work in the booth. (two nouns) - My horse is slow *but* steady. (two adjectives) - We rode beyond the pasture *and* through the woods. (two prepositional phrases) - The baby was hungry, *so* Dad fed him. (two clauses)

Sometimes the verb phrase is interrupted by another part of speech. - most cases, interrupter -> adverb - in a question, subject interrupts the verb phrase

- The moon *will* completely *block* the sun. - *Were* you *listening* to the radio this morning? - He *did* not *know* the answer. (or DIDn't)

Linking Verb Ex

- Thomas Jefferson *was* the third president of the United States. (Thomas Jefferson = president) - The best hitter on the team *is* she! (hitter = she) - The grapefruit *tastes* sour. (sour grapefruit) - Maylin *appeared* hungry. (hungry Maylin)

Useful Videos/Links: TRUST ME ON THIS FRESHMEN ( •̀ ω •́ )✧

- transitive vs intransitive verbs: 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVx96yKbL2E - linking vs helping verbs: 1. https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-helping-verb-and-linking-verb/ 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IGpUy429sU - preposition vs adverb: 1. https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-the-difference-between-a-preposition-and-adverb.htm#:~:text=The%20major%20difference%20between%20a,terms%20of%20time%20or%20position.

Verb Phrase Ex

A storm is *approaching.* - helping verb -> is, main verb -> approaching Thunder *could be heard* in the distance - helping verb -> could & be, main verb -> heard The children *should have taken* their umbrellas. - helping verb -> should & have, main verb -> taken The baseball game *will be canceled* because of the storm. - helping verb -> will & be, main verb -> canceled

Verb

A word that expresses an action or a state of being

Some words may be used as either prepositions or adverbs. To tell an adverb from a preposition, a preposition is always FOLLOWED by a NOUN/PRONOUN called its OBJECT.

Adverb: Sheep grazed in the field *beyond.* Preposition: Sheep grazed in the field *beyond the fence.* Adverb: Walk *around* to the back of the store. Preposition: Walk slowly *around the track.*

*For* is used as a conjunction if it connects groups of words that are clauses. On other occasions, *for* is used as a preposition.

Conjunction: Everyone liked her, *for* she was kind and understanding. Preposition: Ruby reached *for* the apple.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Connect words or groups of words used in the same way - ex: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Verb Phrase

Consists of a main verb preceded by at least one helping verb/auxiliary verb

Intransitive Verb

Expresses action (or tells something about the subject) without passing the action to a receiver - The bus *skidded* on the wet pavement. - The woman *spoke* softly to the children. easier for NOOBS terms: when asking verb *who* or *what* it will not apply. - Larry *tripped* over a rock. (tripped what? tripped who? DOES NOT MAKE SENSE)

Commonly Used Helping Verbs

Forms of *Be*: am, are, be, been, being, is, was, were Forms of *Do*: do, does, did Forms of *Have*: have, has, had Other Helping Verbs: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

Commonly Used Linking Verbs

Forms of *Be*: am, are, be, been, being, is, was, were Other Verbs: appear, grow, seem, stay, become, look, smell, taste, feel, remain, sound, turn

Most linking verbs, except the forms of *be* and *seem*, may also be used as action verbs.

Linking: Yesterday, the weather *turned* colder. Action: Jason *turned* the handle of the doorknob. Linking: Her voice *sounded* stern. Action: The sentry *sounded* the alarm. Linking: Her hands *remained* steady throughout the ordeal. Action: My brother *remained* in the car.

Linking Verb

Links, or connects, the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective in the predicate

Correlative Conjunctions

Pairs of conjunctions that connect words or groups of words used in the same way - ex: both...and, either...or, neither...nor, whether...or, not only...but also

An action verb may express PHYSICAL action or MENTAL action.

Physical action: greet, repair, drive, whisper, decorate - Who borrowed the scissors? Mental action: recognize, judge, remember, think - Imagine his surprise!

Compound Prepositions

Prepositions that consist of more than one word - ex: *in front of*

A transitive verb is an action verb that expresses an action toward a person or thing.

Steve *helped* his brother. - the action of helped is directed towards brother Please *carry* the boxes. - the action carry is directed toward boxes - easier for NOOBS terms: ask the verb *who* or *what* She *sang* a song. (sang what?)

Modifying Adjectives

The test was *rather* hard. - The adverb *rather* modifies the adjective *hard,* telling *how hard* the test was. *Too* many students failed the test. - The adverb *too* modifies the adjective *many,* telling *how many* students failed the test.

Adverb Ex

Where: - The spider hid *nearby*. - The children stayed *inside*. When: - I visited my aunt *today*. Nuru *often* takes the bus. How: - The horses moved *slowly* to the starting gate. - The dancer twirled *gracefully*. To What Extent: - The boat *almost* sank. - You should *rarely* talk with your mouth full of food.

NOT

never part of a verb phrase

Words that *receive* the action of a transitive verb are called...

objects ex: The Chinese printed *books* from the wooden blocks in A.D. 581.