Plant Biology

What type of cell can produce more tissue to transport water in a tree? A - Cork cambium B - Epidermis C - Vascular cambium D - Apical meristem

C - Vascular cambium VASCULAR cambium produces both types of vascular tissue

Some flowers, such as daffodils and pansies, are often yellow in color. Which of the following is most likely method of pollination? A - Bees B - Wind C - Birds D -Bats E - Moths

A - Bees Flowers that have evolved to attract insects are typically blue or yellow and have bold designs.

What structure associated with phloem carries out metabolic activities for the phloem? A - Companion cells B - Sieve plates C - Sieve cells D -Sieve tubes E - Meristematic cells

A - Companion cells

Some plants, such as elm trees, lack one or more whorls of a flower. What term best describes these flowers? A - Incomplete B - Complete C - Hermaphroditic D -Sterile E - Infertile

A - Incomplete INCOMPLETE flowers are those that lack one or more whorls.

Palm trees have long leaves, vascular tissue, and flowers. Based on this information, palm trees can best be classified as... A - Monocot B - Non-vascular C - Dicot D - Gymnosperm E - Angiosperm

A - Monocot

Which best describes the arrangement of the xylem and phloem in a monocot plant? A - Paired bundles of xylem and phloem throughout the stem B - Phloem on the inside of the stem in rings and xylem on the outside in rings C - Paired bundles of xylem and phloem only in the center of the stem D - Xylem on the inside of the stem in rings nad phloem on the outside in rings

A - Paired bundles of xylem and phloem throughout the stem In monocots xylem and phloem are found in paired bundles throughout the stem but in dicots they are arranged in rings, with the xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside.

The veins in a leaf contain tissue that is also known as... A - The vascular bundle B - The stomata C - The mesophyll D - The cuticle

A - The vascular bundle VASCULAR BUNDLES are also called veins, which is where the movement of food and water occur.

Lateral roots help to increase the absorption of water and mineral. What structure must they remain connected to in order to ensure these materials are transported to the rest of the plant? A - Vascular cylinder B - Ground tissue C - Root cap D - Meristem E - Epidermis

A - Vascular cylinder

A certain plant develops incomplete flowers that do not have a scent. Which of the following is the most likely method of pollination? A - Wind B - Moths C - Bats D -Birds E - Bees

A - Wind Typically pollination by wind occurs when the plants are close together. The plants are often small, green, and odor-less.

The age of a tree can be determined by counting the number of rings. What structure are you looking at when you count these rings? A - Xylem B - Cotyledon C - Phloem D - Apical meristem

A - Xylem Xylem is responsible for tree rings, the width of the ring shows how much xylem was made in a year

Terminal buds are often accompanied by additional pairs of buds known as... A - lateral buds B - Accessory buds C - Interbuds D - Meristem buds

B - Accessory buds Terminal buds are located at the tip of the stem and after it develops it will a terminal bud scar. When a bud is not found at the tip but on the side it is called a lateral bud. If they are not formed individually they are accompanied by accessory buds.

Which process happens at the apical meristem to allow for plant stem growth that does not occur at other locations in the shoot system? A - Photosynthesis B - Cell division C - Cellular respiration D - Osmosis

B - Cell division The APICAL meristem is found at the tip of a stem and is where primary growth (length of stem) occurs. There are three different types of tissue that is made; protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium.

Nitrogen is part of what vital substance in plant cells? A - Nectar B - Chlorophyll C - Glucose D -Cellulose E - Water

B - Chlorophyll The nitrogen supplied by the chlorophyll allows for the plant to perform photosynthesis.

Some roots are designed to store large amounts of sugars. In what part of the root are you more likely to find this sugar reserve? A - Root meristem B - Cortex C - Endodermis D -Root tip E - Epidermis

B - Cortex The CORTEX stores the products of photosynthesis, such as sugar. This layer is found after the epidermis and it makes up the bulk of the root, which is why its referred to as the primary root tissue.

Plants that have two cotyledons and flowers in groups of four or five are best known as... A - Vascular B - Dicots C - Non-vascular D - Monocots E - Gymnosperms

B - Dicots DICOT is short for "dicotyledon," meaning "two leaves." Their flower petals are always in groups of 4 or five and they have complex leaves with veins. MONOCOT is short for "monocotyledon," meaning "one seed leaf." Their flower petals are always in groups of 3 and their leaves are long. These are the two forms of angiosperms.

When you peel a carrot or potato, what layer of the root are you removing? A - Endodermis B - Epidermis C - Vascular cylinder D -Mesodermis E - Cortex

B - Epidermis The VASCULAR CYLINDER in the root contains the xylem and phloem. IN young roots it is in the center but in more developed roots it can differ

Which of the following correctly matches the root region with the process that occurs there? A - Elongation - cell creation B - Meristem - cell division C - Elongation - cell division D - Meristem - cell maturation E - Maturation - cell lengthening

B - Meristem - cell division

What term describes the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia? A - Denitrification B - Nitrogen fixation C - Ammonification D -Nitrification E - Assimilation

B - Nitrogen fixation

What layer of leaf is responsible for photosynthesis? A - Cuticle B - Palisade layer C - Stomata D - Spongy layer

B - Palisade layer The PALISADE LAYER is the location of photosynthesis. Below it is the spongy layer which contains cells that are more spread out, allowing for air pockets, and there are vascular bundles that contain xylem and phloem, allowing for the transport of products for photosynthesis. Together these are known as the MESOPHYLL.

Where does the development of lateral roots begin? A - Epidermis B - Pericycle C - Meristem D - Root cap E - Cortex

B - Pericycle LATERAL roots start to develop in the pericycle, which is the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder. They start at the vascular cylinder which is why they can contain vascular tissue.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sugar sink? A - Storage roots B - Photosynthetic layer in leaves C - Developing buds D -Lengthening stem E - Growing meristematic region

B - Photosynthetic layer in leaves SINKS refer to areas in the plant that store or use sugars (roots, stems, and fruits). It is needed in these areas so cells can grow and develop.

The type of growth seen at the apical meristem is best known as ______ growth and will result in an increase in the ______ of the stem. A - Secondary, girth B - Primary, height C - Secondary, height D - Primary, girth

B - Primary, height

What is the purpose of the structure labeled #2 in this picture? A - Allow for the transport of water B - Protect other root tissues C - Allow for the transport of minerals D - Allow for cell elongation E - Permit cell division

B - Protect other root tissues

Which of the following correctly pairs the cell produced in the meristem region with its final mature structure? A - Procambium - Epidermis B - Protoderm - Epidermis C - Procambium - Cortex D - Protoderm - Ground tissue E - Protoderm - Vascular tissue

B - Protoderm - Epidermis

Why does secondary growth occur in dicots and not in monocots? A - Dicots do not have primary growth so they must have secondary growth B - The organization of vascular tissue in dicots allows for secondary growth C - Monocots do not contain vascular tissue D - Only dicots need growth of the shoot system

B - The organization of vascular tissue in dicots allows for secondary growth SECONDARY growth is growth at the lateral meristem and increases the girth of the stem. The reason it occurs in dicots and not monocots is due to the structure of the xylem and phloem. In dicots it is found in rings with the xylem inside and the phloem outside which makes it easier to create both types of tissue in one location.

When viewing a tree trunk, one observes that the rings very in size. What causes some of these rings to be larger than others? A - There is less growth of vascular cambium in years with plenty of water and nutrients B - There is more growth of vascular cambium in years with plenty of water and nutrients C - There is no correlation between the growth of vascular cambium and the amount of water and nutrients D - There is more growth of vascular cambium in years with limited water and nutrients

B - There is more growth of vascular cambium in years with plenty of water and nutrients

When the weather is very hot, what will happen to the stomata? A - They will be closed to allow for water loss B - They will be closed to prevent water loss C - They will be open to allow for water loss D - They will be open to prevent water loss

B - They will be closed to prevent water loss STOMATA are pores in the leaf that allow for gas exchange to help with photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

The individual units of xylem that have tapered ends are called... A - Sieve elements B - Tracheids C - Vessels D -Sieve plates E - Phloem

B - Tracheids Tracheids are tapered and overlap, they may not be that efficient because there may be gaps.

What two factors are mainly responsible for the movement of water from the roots up through the leaves? A - Transpiration and gravity B - Transpiration and cohesion C - Gravity and adhesion D -Gravity and cohesion E - Transpiration and adhesion

B - Transpiration and cohesion COHESION helps the water molecules within the xylem to stick together, which allows them to help pull other water molecules up, against the flow of gravity. The water molecules leaving through TRANSPIRATION is why cohesion occurs.

Which of the following is true of vascular tissues in plants? A - Xylem is made of living cells and phloem is made of non-living cells B - Xylem is made of non-living cells and phloem is made of living cells C - Xylem generally transports food from the leaves to the roots and phloem generally transports water from the roots to the leaves D - Xylem generally transports water from the leaves to the roots and phloem generally transports food from the roots to the leaves

B - Xylem is made of non-living cells and phloem is made of living cells Xylem moves water and is made of tracheids, non-living, elongated cells to that allow for the transport of fluid, the movement is normally roots - stems-leaves.. It can sometimes help support the stem. Phloem moves food and is made of sieve elements that are living cells specialized in the movement of food

The earth's atmosphere is made up of several components including carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. About how much of the atmosphere is nitrogen? A - 20% B - 60% C - 80% D -8% E - 40%

C - 80% This is in the form of N2, which plants and animals cannot use so nitrogen fixation takes place to convert it to N3, ammonia.

What structure is labeled in the diagram? A - Stomata B - Palisade layer C - Guard cells D - Cuticle

C - Guard cells GUARD CELLS are found on either side of the stomata and control their opening and closing.

As woody plants increase in height, they need to add more vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients further. Where does this secondary growth occur? A - Apical meristem B - Accessory meristem C - Lateral meristem D - Terminal meristem

C - Lateral meristem Secondary growth occurs in the lateral meristem and refers to growth of the vascular and cork cambiums.

Xylem is composed of dead cells lined end to end. What is responsible for making these cells strong and durable even though they are no longer living? A - Vessels B - Tracheids C - Legnin D -Water E - Cohesion

C - Legnin LIGNIN strengthens the vessels and makes them more durable. They are produced before the cells die.

In roots, where will new growth occur? A - Epidermis B - Cortex C - Meristem D - Mesodermis E - Endodermis

C - Meristem

Which of the following is the best example of a sugar source? A - Growing stem B - Storage root C - Mesophyll layer of leaves D -Stomata in leaves E - Lateral root

C - Mesophyll layer of leaves SOURCES are areas in a plant that produce sugars, the main area is the mesophyll of leaves (the area where photosynthesis is creating sugar).

Leaves attach to stems at ______ and the spaces between leaves are called ______. A - Buds, internodes B - Buds, terminal buds C - Nodes, internodes D - Nodes, accessory nodes

C - Nodes, internodes] NODES are where leaves are located and the spaces between them are the internodes.

When most people tap into trees to collect maple syrup, they are most likely trying to collect material from what type of tissue? A - Xylem B - Ground C - Phloem D - Cortex

C - Phloem Phloem can be tapped to collect sugar because they are found closer to the exterior of the trunk.

Which of the following terms best describes when a grain of pollen from an anther is placed on a stigma? A - Elongation B - Fixation C - Pollination D -Fertilization E - Evolution

C - Pollination POLLINATION is when pollen is placed on the stigma.

Which of the following structures is not found in the gynoecium whorl? A - Ovary B - Stigma C - Sepals D -Style E - Carpel

C - Sepals The GYNOECIUM is the innermost layer that contains the female parts (carpel, stigma, style, ovary, and ovules). The CARPEL contains the ovules, ovary, style and stigma. The STIGMA is the top, pollen-receiving structure. The STYLE is the narrow part between the stigma and ovary. The OVULES are what turn into seeds.

What is the purpose of a pollen tube? A - To allow pollen to produce nectar B - To attract pollinators such as bees and birds C - To allow pollen to move from the stigma to the ovary for fertilization D - To protect the pollen as it moves from an anther to a stigma E - To produce pollen after landing on the stigma

C - To allow pollen to move from the stigma to the ovary for fertilization The POLLEN TUBE pierces the stigma and basically digs a tunnel to the ovary. This allows the sperm cell in the pollen to unite with the egg in the ovary.

Apple trees are vascular plants with flowers. Based on this information, apple trees can be classified as... A - Gymnosperms B - Monocots C - Dicots D - Angiosperms E - Prokaryotic

D - Angiosperms

What type of tissue prevents the loss of water from the plant stem following secondary growth? A - Phloem B - Xylem C - Epidermis D - Cork

D - Cork CORK replaces the epidermis of the stem, they are box-like and impermeable to water and nutrients. This allows them to keep the water inside the treee without letting water in.

Plants that have cones rather than flowers for seed production are best known as... A - Vascular B - Angiosperms C - Dicots D - Gymnosperms E - Monocots

D - Gymnosperms GYMNOSPERMS were the first plants with seeds. They are vascular plants and do not produce flowers, the seed proved protection and food for the plant embryo.

What type of ground tissue is the most common and helps store both food and water? A - Sclerenchyma B - Xylem C - Collenchyma D - Parenchyma

D - Parenchyma PARENCHYMA is the most common and provides a variety of functions, including the storage of water and food. COLLENCHYMA helps support young stems and roots. SCLERENCHYMA provides rigid support and protection for the plant stem.

The meristem produces tissues that later develop into more specialized mature structures. Which of the following correctly pairs the early tissue with the mature tissue? A - Procambium - Epidermis B - Protoderm - Ground tissue C - Protoderm - Vascular tissue D - Procambium - Vascular tissue

D - Procambium - Vascular tissue The PROTODERM makes the epidermis, or outer protective covering, of a plant. The PROCAMBIUM with make the vascular tissue.

Why must plants, such as mosses, live in moist environments? A - They have roots to help support the plant only in moist environments B - They lack xylem to move water throughout the plant but have phloem to move food C - They have rhizoids instead of roots to help support the structure of the plant D - They lack vascular tissue to move food and water throughout the plant E - They lack phloem to move food throughout the plant but have xylem to move water

D - They lack vascular tissue to move food and water throughout the plant NON-VASCULAR plants are small, simple, and less advanced than most plants. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are the three main groups. They have no transport system for food or nutrients due to their small size. They have rhizoids instead of roots, which help anchor the plant.

Which of the following best describes the process of trees releasing water vapor? A - Condensation B - Photosynthesis C - Respiration D - Transpiration

D - Transpiration TRANSPIRATION is when plants release water, it is regulated (by stomata) depending on the needs of the plant and the surrounding environment.

The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules is best described as... A - Ionic bond B - Adhesion C - Transpiration D -Cohesion E - Covalent bond

D -Cohesion

What whorl in a flower contains the petals and attracts pollinators? A - Calyx B - Stigma C - Anther D -Corolla E - Style

D -Corolla The COROLLA is the whorl found within the calyx that contains the pedals, which attract pollinators.

The pressure flow hypothesis can be used to explain... A - The movement of sugars from sinks to sources B - The movement of water from sinks to sources C - The movement of water from sources to sinks D -The movement of sugars from sources to sinks E - The movement of oxygen from sources to sinks

D -The movement of sugars from sources to sinks PRESSURE FLOW HYPOTHESIS of food movement states that dissolved sugars flow from sources and are released at sinks where they are used.

The release of water in plants, causing the change in water potential allowing the movement of water in the xylem, is best known as... A - Cohesion B - Perspiration C - Photosynthesis D -Transpiration E - Respiration

D -Transpiration TRANSPIRATION is the release of water vapor in plants and is regulated depending on the needs of the plant.

Which whorl of a flower contains anthers and filaments? A - Stamen B - Stigma C - Gynoecium D - Calyx E - Androecium

E - Androecium The ANDROECIUM is the whorl that contains the male parts (stamen, filaments, and anthers). The STAMEN is the main structure and contains the FILAMENTS (slender stalks of the stamen) and ANTHERS (the top of the stamen that contains pollen).

Organisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen into a suitable form for plants and humans are... A - Legumes B - Worms C - Grubs D -Insects E - Bacteria

E - Bacteria NITROGEN FIXATION is the process of creating ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen, it is commonly carried out by bacteria.. They are normally found near the roots of legumes.

Which of the following is the best analogy for the function of the root tip? A - Highway B - Water tower C - Instruction manual D -School E - Hard hat

E - Hard hat This is also referred to as the root cap and it forms a protective barrier between the soil and the rest of the root. The cells within can sense gravity and they secrete a slimy substance that helps them move through soil.

The relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes can best be described as... A - Commensalism B - Parasitism C - Amensalism D -Symbiosis E - Mutualism

E - Mutualism The bacteria benefit from the legumes because they have an safe place to live. The plant has to put forth some energy to support the bacteria because they have an almost unlimited source of nitrogen.

Insects often eat leaves and other plant structures in order to obtain nutrients such as sugar. Which location in a plant will most likely provide sugars for the insect because it is a part of the phloem? A - Vesicles B - Meristematic cells C - Tracheids D - Xylem E - Sieve tubes

E - Sieve tubes Sieve TUBES are more advanced than sieve cells and are found in flowering vascular plants (angiosperms). They have specialized cells called companion cells located near them that carry out energy-consuming metabolic activities for the sieve tube elemetns, which improves the efficiency of the phloem.

Occasionally, there is a strange illness that kills bees. What is a likely side effect of this disease on plants? A - They will develop more ripe fruit B - They will not be affected C - They will stop producing flowers D -They will be over-pollinated E - They will not be pollinated as much

E - They will not be pollinated as much

What is the purpose of root hairs? A - To protect the growing root B - To prevent water from entering or exiting the root C - To allow for better transport of food from the root to the leaves D -To aid in photosynthesis E - To allow for increased absorption of water and nutrients

E - To allow for increased absorption of water and nutrients ROOT HAIRS are produced by the epidermis and are the site of water and nutrient absorption. They allow for greater surface area, they only live for a few days and so are constantly being made by the epidermis.

Why is the stigma generally sticky? A - To produce pollen B - To attract pollinators C - To protect the style D -To develop into seeds E - To capture pollen

E - To capture pollen The STIGMA is the top, pollen-receiving structure. It is sticky so the pollen will stick to it and fertilize the plant.