Chapter 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

d) delusional

A woman insists the man who lives in her apartment complex is in love with her because he always smiles at her whenever they cross paths. Other than talking about this to her friends, the woman displays no other odd behaviors. A psychologist would be most likely to diagnose her with _____ disorder a) brief psychotic b) schizofreniform c) schizoaffective d) delusional

c) extrapyramidal symptoms

Although antipsychotic medications can help manage schizophrenia, _____ discourage(s) some patients from taking the medications a) positive symptoms b) disconfirmatory evidence c) extrapyramidal symptoms d) comorbid diagnosis

b) residual

An individual whose psychotic behavior and symptom severity has declined and now experiences only mild impairment is in the _____ phase of schizophrenia a) prodomal b) residual c) active d) recovery

a) a married woman with a college degree

Statistically speaking and all other things being equal, the person who is most likely to recover from schizophrenia is _____ who had good premorbid functioning a) a married woman with a college degree b) a married man with a college degree c) a single woman with a high school education d) a married man with a high school education

c) Thorazine and Haldol

What are examples of first-generation, or conventional, antipsychotics? a) Risperdal and Zyprexa b) Abilify and Latuda c) Thorazine and Haldol d) Prozac and Zoloft

d) milieu therapy

What inpatient approach to treating schizophrenia includes psychosocial skills training in a hospital environment that functions like a community? a) CBT b) psychosocial therapy c) theory of mind therapy d) milieu therapy

b) Withdrawing into yourself and not responding to others

_____ is an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia a) Hearing voices that no one else can hear b) Withdrawing into yourself and not responding to others c) Believing that you are receiving radio signals via a chip in your brain d) Believing that someone is following you

catatonia

a condition characterized by marked disturbance in motor activity - either extreme excitement or motoric immobility

schizoaffective disorder

a condition involving the existence of both symptoms of schizophrenia and major depressive or manic symptoms

first-generation antipsychotics

a group of medications originally developed to combat psychotic symptoms by reducing dopamine levels in the brain; also called conventional or typical antipsychotics

metabolic syndrome

a medical condition associated with obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension

expressed emotion (EE)

a negative communication pattern found among some relatives of individuals with schizophrenia

hallucination

a perception of a nonexistent or absent stimuli

prefrontal lobotomy

a surgical procedure in which the frontal lobes are disconnected from the remainder of the brain

psychosis

an impaired sense of reality that frequently involves hallucinations and delusions

provisional diagnoses

an initial diagnosis based on currently available information

premorbid

before the onset of major symptoms

persecutory delusions

beliefs of being targeted by others

attenuated psychosis syndrome

condition being researched that involves distressing or disabling early signs of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech that emerged or became progressively worse over the previous year; reality testing remains relatively intact

loosening of associations

continual shifting from topic to topic without any apparent logical or meaningful connection between thoughts

schizophrenia spectrum

group of disorders that range in severity and that have similar clinical features, including some degree of reality distortion

endophenotypes

measurable, heritable traits

antipsychotic medication

medicine developed to counteract symptoms of psychosis

asociality

minimal interest in social relationships

atypical antipsychotics

newer antipsychotic medications that are chemically different and less likely to produce the side effects associated with first-generation antipsychotics

brief psychotic disorder

psychotic episodes with a duration of at least 1 day but less than 1 month

schizophreniform disorder

psychotic episodes with a duration of at least 1 month but less than 6 months

diminished emotional expression

reduced display of observable verbal and nonverbal behaviors that communicate internal emotions

restricted affect

severely diminished or limited emotional responsiveness

schizophrenia

disorder characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes, personality disintegration, mood disturbance, and social withdrawal

paranoid ideation

suspiciousness about the actions or motives of others

extrapyramidal symptoms

symptoms developed from treatment with antipsychotic medications - include markinsonism, dystonia, akathisia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia associated with an inability or decreased ability to initiate actions or speech, express emotions, or feel pleasure

cognitive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia involving problems with attention, memory and developing a plan of action

positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that involve unusual thoughts or perceptions, such as delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, or bizarre behavior

c) brief psychotic

A diagnosis of _____ disorder requires the presence of at least one psychotic symptom involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech; and it must persist for at least one day, but less than one month a) delusional b) schizoaffective c) brief psychotic d) schizophreniform

a) delusion

Johnny is convinced that the CIA is listening in on all of his conversations via a radio transmitter implanted in a tooth filling. Johnny would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing a(n) a) delusion b) hallucination c) anhedonia d) panic attack

c) bidirectional

In the _____ model of expressed emotion (EE), when an individual exhibits behaviors typical of schizophrenia, family members may criticize, react with frustration, or overprotect the individual, which produces more psychotic symptoms a) family-centric b) psychodynamic c) bidirectional d) negative cycle

c) loosening of associations

It is difficult to follow a conversation with Immanuel. His thinking is disorganized and he shifts from one topic to another without any apparent connection between the topics. One term for this is cognitive slippage; another is a) attenuated psychosis syndrome b) restricted affect c) loosening of associations d) concordance

c) restricted affect

Jacqui feels inadequate to cope with many of the situations she faces in life. To avoid being found out, she expresses very little emotional or physical response in situations where a strong reaction would be expected. This lack of expressiveness is known as _____ a) attenuated psychosis syndrome b) concordance c) restricted affect d) loosening of associations

d) excess dopamine activity in the brain

Researchers are still trying to understand what causes schizophrenia. Some more recent findings indicate that _____ may contribute to the development of schizophrenia a) increased volume in the cortex b) increased neural connections in the corpus callosum c) ventricular constriction (reduced size of spaces in the brain d) excess dopamine activity in the brain

a) psychotic experiences are common in children and adolescents

Researchers studying schizophrenia currently believe that a) psychotic experiences are common in children and adolescents b) CBT has little influence on the severity of psychotic symptoms c) individuals who have schizophrenia are unable to keep a professional job d) in most non-violent cases, treatment for psychotic experiences should be delayed until adulthood

b) positive

Symptoms of schizophrenia such as unusual thoughts or perceptions, delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior are called _____ symptoms a) negative b) positive c) inhibitory d) expressive

delusions

false personal beliefs that are firmly and consistently held despite disconfirming evidence or logic

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure from previously enjoyed activities

disconfirmatory evidence

information that contradicts a delusional belief

alogia

lack of meaningful speech

avolition

lack of motivation; an inability to take action or become goal-oriented

delusional disorder

persistent delusions without other unusual or odd behaviors; tactile and olfactory hallucinations related to the delusional theme may be present

theory of mind

the ability to recognize that others have emotions, beliefs, and desires that may be different from one's own

concordance rate

the likelihood that both members of a twin pair show the same characteristic

dopamine hypothesis

the suggestion that schizophrenia may result from excess dopamine activity at certain synaptic sites