Chapter 12: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves - Assingment

Identify the three layers of meninges.

-Dura mater -Arachnoid mater -Pia mater

Identify the functions of the ventral rami.

-Form nerve plexuses -Innervate intercostal muscles

Identify characteristics of stretch reflexes. Select all that apply.

-Helps to control posture -Promotes muscle contraction -Does not involve an interneuron

Choose the correct characteristics of stretch reflexes. Select all that apply.

-Helps to control posture -Monosynaptic

Identify the functions of the dorsal rami. Select all that apply.

-Innervate deep muscles of the dorsal trunk -Innervate skin near midline of back

List actions of nerves from the brachial plexus. Select all that apply.

-Innervate the skin of the medial arm and forearm -Supply muscles acting on the scapula and arm

Identify the functions of the obturator nerve.

-Innervates muscles that adduct the thigh -Innervates the skin of the medial portion of the thigh

Identify functions of the musculocutaneous nerve.

-Innervates skin of the lateral surface of the forearm -Innervates anterior arm muscles

Identify the functions of the femoral nerve.

-Innervates the skin of the lateral portion of the thigh -Innervates skin of medial portion of leg and foot -Innervates the quadriceps femoris -Innervates the skin of the anterior portion of the thigh -Innervates the sartorius

List the functions of the spinal cord.

-It produces responses through reflex mechanisms. -It serves as the link between the brain and the PNS. -It integrates incoming information.

Identify the divisions of the white matter of the spinal cord.

-Lateral columns -Ventral columns -Dorsal columns

Identify the five major nerves of the brachial plexus.

-Median nerve -Radial nerve -Axillary nerve -Ulnar nerve -Musculocutaneous nerve

List the events that occur in withdrawal reflex. Select all that apply.

-Muscle contraction -Pain receptors detect a painful stimulus. -Withdrawal of a body part from the painful stimulus -Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.

List the components of a reflex arc. Select all that apply.

-Sensory receptor -An interneuron -An effector organ

Identify the structures innervated by the cervical plexus. Select all that apply.

-Skin of the neck -Muscles of the hyoid -Diaphragm -Posterior portion of the head

What are the functions of the radial nerve?

-The radial nerve innervates all of the extensor muscles of the upper limb. -The radial nerve has cutaneous distribution to the posterior surface of the hand.

Identify the nerves that combine to form the sciatic nerve.

-Tibial nerve -Common fibular nerve

Identify the regions of the spinal cord.

-cervical -thoracic -lumbar -sacral

Place the events of a withdrawal reflex in chronological order.

1. Pain receptors detect a painful stimulus 2. Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord 3. Sensory neuron synapses with an excitatory interneuron 4. Excitatory interneuron synapses with an alpha motor neuron 5. Muscle contracts 6. A body part is withdrawn from the painful stimulus

Place the events of a basic reflex arc in the order in which action potentials will pass through

1. Sensory receptor detects a stimulus 2. Sensory neuron conducts action potential to the CNS 3. Synapse with an interneuron 4. Synapse with a motor neuron 5. Motor neuron conducts action potential to an effector organ

The PNS consists of ________ pair(s) of cranial nerves and ______ pair of spinal nerves(s).

12 ; 31 The PNS consists of *12* pair(s) of cranial nerves and *31* pair of spinal nerves(s).

Where does the thecal sac end?

2nd sacral vertebra (S2)

The spinal cord consists of _____ segments that each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves.

31

The spinal cord gives rise to _______ pairs of spinal nerves.

31 The spinal cord gives rise to *31* pairs of spinal nerves.

There is/are ________ pair(s) of cervical nerve(s), _______ pair(s) of thoracic nerve(s), ______ pair(s) of lumbar nerve(s), ________ pair(s) of sacral nerve(s) and 1 pair of coccygeal nerve.

8; 12; 5; 5 - There are *8* pairs of cervical nerves - *12* pairs of thoracic nerves - *5* pairs of lumbar nerves - *5* pairs of sacral nerves - *1* pair of coccygeal nerve.

The epineurium is identified by letter

A

Correctly pair the letter and term based on the picture of a nerve.

A - Epineurium B - Perineurium C - Endoneurium E - Schwann cell D - Fascicle

Correctly pair the terms related to spinal nerves with the corresponding based on the figure.

A - Ventral root B - Dorsal root ganglion C - Spinal nerve D - Ganglion of sympathetic chain

Identify the nerve that innervates the deltoid and teres minor and the skin of the shoulder.

Axillary nerve

Name the plexus which supplies innervation to the muscles acting on the scapula and innervates the skin of the medial arm and forearm.

Brachial plexus

Identify the only spinal nerve that does not have a specific cutaneous sensory distribution.

C1

The brachial plexus is derived from spinal nerves ______

C5-T1

Identify the plexuses that give rise to the phrenic nerve. Select all that apply.

Cervical; Brachial

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

Collections of cell bodies of the sensory neurons forming the dorsal root of a spinal nerve

The rami of spinal nerves that innervate the deep muscles of the posterior trunk and the skin near the midline of the back are _______ rami.

Dorsal or posterior

Which layer of connective tissue associated with a nerve is the deepest layer?

Endoneurium

True or false: The median nerve innervates most of the intrinsic hand muscles.

False

Letter D represents a bundle of axons or a ______ which is surrounded by the _______ indicated by letter B.

Fascicles; perineurium Letter D represents a bundle of axons or a *fascicles* which is surrounded by the *perineurium* indicated by letter B.

Identify the nerve that innervates the anterior portion of the thigh.

Femoral nerve

Identify the nerve that innervates the medial portion of the thigh.

Femoral nerve

What is the name of the nerve that innervates the anterior arm muscles and the skin of the lateral surface of the forearm?

Musculocutaneous nerve

Which is *not* a function of the spinal cord?

Produces hormones

Explain how spinal nerves are named.

Spinal nerves are named for the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge.

Indicate the correct order of meninges from superficial at the top to deep at the bottom.

Superficial 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia Mater Deep

Name the structure formed from the dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord.

Thecal sac

Identify the nerve that innervates the posterior portion of the thigh, leg and foot.

Tibial nerve

True or false: The gluteal nerve is a nerve of the lumbosacral plexus.

True

True or false: The radial and musculocutaneous nerves are major nerves of the brachial plexus.

True

Identify the nerve that innervates most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand and the skin on the medial side of the hand.

Ulnar nerve

Which rami form intercostal nerves?

Ventral rami

What type of reflex is also called the flexor reflex?

Withdrawal reflex

In the spinal cord, the ventral column is also called the ______ column.

anterior

The nerve that innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles is the ______ nerve

axillary

Endoneurium directly surrounds a(n)

axon

Axillary and radial nerves are branches of the ______ plexus.

brachial

The spinal nerves C5-T1 give rise to the _____ plexus.

brachial

The ______ enlargement corresponds to the location where nerve fibers that supply the arms enter and leave the spinal cord.

cervical

The muscles of the hyoid, skin of the neck, the posterior portion of the head and the diaphragm are innervated by the _____ plexus.

cervical

Stretch reflexes cause muscles to

contract

An area of the skin supplied with sensory innervation is called a(n) ______

dermatome

The phrenic nerve innervates the

diaphragm

Innervation of most of the deep muscles of the dorsal trunk are functions of the _____ rami

dorsal

Two areas of the spinal cord are thicker than the rest. These areas give rise to the nerves leading to the limbs. These areas are called the cervical and lumbar

enlargements

The space between the dura mater and the periosteum of the vertebral canal is the _______ space

epidural

In the withdrawal reflex, alpha motor neurons usually stimulate ______ muscles.

flexor

In an adult, the spinal cord begins at the ______ and ends at vertebrae ______.

foramen magnum, L1-L2

In an adult, the spinal cord begins at the ________ and ends at vertebrae _________.

foramen magnum, L1-L2

Columns of white matter in the spinal cord are also called

funiculi

The matter that consists of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord is the _______ matter.

gray

Which matter of the spinal cord contains neuron cell bodies?

gray

Reflexes are ______ responses.

involuntary

The plexus that gives rise to the obturator nerve is the ______ plexus.

lumbar

The obturator, femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves arise from the ______ plexus.

lumbosacral

A ramus is a ______.

major branch of a spinal nerve

The ulnar nerve innervates ______

most of the intrinsic hand muscles

Ventral roots contain axons from ______ neurons.

motor

The nerve that innervates the anterior muscles of the arm and provides cutaneous sensory innervation to part of the forearm is the ______ nerve.

musculocutaneous

Ventral rami form _____

nerve plexuses

The nerve that innervates the muscles of the medial thigh is the _______ nerve.

obturator

Nerve fascicles are surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the _____

perineurium

The connective tissue layer surrounding groups of axons to form a nerve fascicle is the

perineurium

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves with their ganglia make up the _______

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

An intermingling of nerves is called a(n) ________

plexus

The nerve that innervates all of the extensor muscles of the upper limb is the ______ nerve

radial

Major branches of a spinal nerve are called _______

rami

Golgi tendon reflexes cause muscles to ______

relax

Identify the function of withdrawal reflexes.

removes a body part from a painful stimulus

The nerve that is formed by the tibial and common fibular nerves is the ______ nerve.

sciatic

Dorsal (posterior) roots consist of only _______ (fibers) axons.

sensory

The spinal cord is ______ the vertebral column.

shorter than

A dorsal root ganglion is also called a(n) ______ ganglion.

spinal

C4 is an example of how a ______ nerve is named.

spinal

The reflex where muscles contract in response to stretching within the muscle is called a ______ reflex.

stretch

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the _____ space

subarachnoid

The conus medullaris is ______ to the filum terminale of the spinal cord.

superior

In the image of spinal nerves, label C represents a ganglion of the ______ chain

sympathetic

The spinal cord is divided into 4 segments; they are the ______, ______, lumbar, and the sacral.

thoracic, cervical

A nerve plexus is formed when the ________ rami of different spinal nerves intermingle.

ventral

In the picture of spinal nerves, label D indicates a nerve ________ root of a spinal nerve.

ventral

Motor axons are found in ______ roots.

ventral