Chapters 7,8,9
Which of the following is not a step in endochondral bone formation?
Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue.
articular cartilage
Hyaline tissue that surrounds joints
Degenerative disorder of joints
Osteoarthritis
__________________ muscles have regularly aligned thin and thick filaments.
Skeletal
_______________ muscles respond to hormones.
Smooth
________________ muscles are slower to contract and relax than the other muscle type.
Smooth
________________ muscles respond to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
Smooth
_________________ muscles can respond to neurotransmitters with inhibition of contraction.
Smooth
________________ and _______________ muscles release calcium into the cytosol when stimulated.
Smooth and skeletal
_________________ and _______________ muscles rely on actin and myosin during contraction.
Smooth and skeletal
_________________ and ________________ muscles respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Smooth and skeletal
Torn or overstretched ligaments
Sprain
What vitamin is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestines?
Vitamin D
Which of the following bones is not part of the orbit of the skull?
Vomer
What is the most important mineral to assist in maintaining strong bone throughout life?
calcium
within inner mitochondrial membrane
electron transport chain
move up, move down
elevation, depression
Each muscle fiber within a fascicle lies within a layer of connective tissue in the form of a thin covering called.
endomysium
connective tissue around muscle fiber
endomysium
Lining of joint cavity; secretes fluid is called _______________?
synovial membrane
Attaches bone to muscle
tendon
The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of
tendons and fibrous connective tissue.
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that
the bone is lengthening
What is the definition of hematopoiesis?
the process of blood cell formation
The functional unit of muscle contraction is
the sarcomere
Which is true of sex hormones?
they stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates
In which decade of life does the removal of the bone matrix first exceed production of new bone?
third decade
The primary curves of the vertebral column are the
thoracic and sacral curvatures
Trusses and arches which help form an internal scaffolding network are found in:
trabecular bone
The radial collateral ligament is associated with the
elbow joint
Synarthrotic joints are
immovable
site of ATP production?
mitochondria
At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a _______________________________.
motor end plate
The chemicals then bind to receptors located on the ___________________, a specialized area of the sarcolemma.
motor end plate
provides stimulation to muscle fiber
motor neuron axon
At this junction, the ____________ releases a type of chemical called a ________________.
motor neuron, neurotransmitter
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate.
3
Height begins to decrease on average after age
30
one of the final products
34 ATP
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* A nerve impulse arrives at the distal end of a motor neuron axon.
1
Ligaments of the shoulder joint include the 1________________ ligaments which extend from the edge of the glenoid cavity, across the anterior joint capsule, and attach to the 2________________ tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus.
1 glenohumeral, 2 lesser
The lateral ligament is the radial ________________ ligament, running from the ________________ epicondyle of the humerus to the anular ligament.
1-collateral, 2-lateral
The shoulder joint occurs between the 1___________________ of the scapula and the head of the 2____________________. It is a 3_____________________ joint.
1-glenoid cavity, 2 humerus, 3 ball-and-socket
Two articulations are found within the elbow joint: a 1 _________ joint between the trochlear notch of the ulna and trochlea of the 2 ______________, and a 3___________ joint between the 4_____________ and the fossa of the head of the radius.
1-hinge, 2-humerus, 3-plane, 4-capitulum
A lateral and medial ligament stabilize the joint. The 1____________ collateral ligament is medial, running from the 2_______________ epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid and olecranon processes of the ulna.
1-ulnar, 2-medial
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* The muscle fiber shortens as a contraction occurs.
10
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* ACh is released into the synaptic cleft.
2
Which of the following statements is correct? 1-Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on myosin filaments. 2-Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments. 3-Cross-bridges form between actin and the sarcolemma. 4-Filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another.
2-Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments.
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* An electrical impulse travels across the sarcolemma and into transverse tubules.
4
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* The impulse causes calcium channels to open in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
5
At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten?
50 years old
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* Calcium ions diffuse out of sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin.
6
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* Tropomyosin molecules move to expose binding sites on actin.
7
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* The myosin heads link to the active sites on actin.
8
*(Place the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1-10)* Thin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by myosin.
9
Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of___________________.
ATP
Which of the following movements could occur at the hip joint?
Abduction and adduction Rotation Flexion and extension All of the above
Which of the following correctly pairs a term with its definition?
Abduction—lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline
What is the name of the neurotransmitter used at a skeletal neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
Choose the joint characteristic that applies to all joints of the body.
All joints are connections between neighboring bones.
Inflammation of fluid-filled sacs associated with a joint
Bursitis
Spongy Bone
Composed of trabeculae, gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow, provides strength with light weight, displays a higher rate of bone turnover, more abundant in bone epiphyses
Anular ligament make up what joint?
Elbow joint
Ulnar and radial collateral ligament make up what joint?
Elbow joint
Which muscle group is composed of mainly slow-twitch (type I) fibers?
Erector spinae muscles of the back
______________ is the bending of a joint.
Flexion
Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments make up what joint?
Hip joint
Which of the following best describes the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
It binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin, so that myosin heads can bind to actin.
lubricating fluid inside joint
Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments make up what joint?
Knee joint
Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments make up what joint?
Knee joint
Place in order from largest to smallest the components of a skeletal muscle. - muscle fiber, muscle, myofilaments, myofibril, fascicle
LARGEST- muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilament - SMALLEST
Intermittent disorder caused by bacterial infection
Lyme arthritis
Which of the following is an infection?
Lyme disease
Compact Bone
Made of osteons, histologically visible central canals, also called cortical bone, found forming the superficial regions of all bones, more abundant in the bone diaphysis
A six-month-old baby is admitted to the hospital with a broken bone. This is the third fracture in the otherwise healthy child. The parents are arrested on charges of child abuse. The defense lawyer gets the charges dropped after the results of genetic tests indicate which of the following conditions?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Which of the following is not true?
Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white.
Inflammation of a joint due to autoimmune condition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging.
Transverse humeral ligament make up what joint?
Shoulder joint
Synarthrotic joints
Suture, Gomphosis,Synostosis, Synchondrosis
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint?
Symphysis
Amphiarthrotic joints
Syndesmosis, Symphsis
Diarthrotic joints
Synovial joint
transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior.
Transverse tubules
Female Skeleton
Wider pubic arch, sacral curvature bends sharply posterior
Doing jumping jacks requires that you alternate ______ and _______ your lower extremities.
abducting; adducting
The chemical used at the junction with a skeletal muscle is ___________________.
acetycholine
The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that
acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron.
People with myasthenia gravis have a deficiency of
acetylcholine receptors
Myofibrils are composed primarily of
actin and myosin.
individual portions that assemble into a chain?
actin molecules
The muscle that causes an action is the________________.
agonist
Cardiac muscle contracts as a syncytium. excites itself. is only in the heart. all of the above.
all of the above
Functions of muscles include heartbeat. muscle tone. moving bones. all of the above.
all of the above
Myasthenia gravis is
an autoimmune disorder.
The muscle that opposes a particular action is called the________________.
antagonist
Troponin binds to?
calcium
Name the ligament that holds the head of the radius in place within the elbow joint.
anular ligament
With aging, joint diseases such as _______________ may develop. This large group of joint diseases involve inflammation of the joint(s) accompanied by pain and stiffness.
arthritis
Protective layer that covers bone ends Is called ____________?
articular cartilage
Joints are also called
articulations.
Bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow:
at different rates
osteoblasts
bone building cells, involved with bone deposition, these cells should become more active when blood calcium levels are high, calcitonin causes these cells to become more active
osteocytes
bone cells incased in matrix
osteoclasts
bone resorbing cells, parathyroid hormone causes these cells to become more active, massive multi-nucleate cells
Which of the following is(are) an example of an intramembranous bone?
broad, flat skull bones
Fluid-filled sacs is called ______________?
bursae
An electrical impulse travels into the interior of a muscle fiber:
by way of the transverse tubules.
Within joints called synchondroses, the bone ends are held together by hyaline ________________.
cartilage
Changes to other ___________________ joints, such as symphyses joints, are due to decreased water content of fibrocartilage that occurs with aging. This affects the vertebral column by reducing the ability to absorb shock and by stiffening the spine.
cartilaginous
Joints in which the bone ends are bound together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as:
cartilaginous joints
The secondary curves of the vertebral column are the
cervical and lumbar curvatures
The atlas is one of the
cervical vertebrae
Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets out of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to
changes in collagen structure.
completes breakdown of original product
citric acid cycle
The joint stiffness that occurs with aging is typically due to changes in ______ within the joint.
collagen
A muscle fiber exposed to a series of stimuli of increasing frequency combines individual twitches (summation) which results in
complete sustained contraction.
Therefore, layers of __________________ enclose and separate all parts of a skeletal muscle.
connective tissue
Which of the following is not a function of bones?
contraction
The muscle that adducts and flexes the arm is the____________________.
coracobrachialis
joint capsule
dense connective tissue surrounds joint
Glucosamine and chondroitin are
dietary supplements from shells and cow cartilage.
The ankle is able to ______________ when pulling the foot and toes up toward the shin.
dorsiflex
A movement that brings the foot closer to the shin is a(n)
dorsiflexion
The layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle is called the ________________.
epimysium
connective tissue at muscle surface
epimysium
What is the end of a long bone called?
epiphysis
Turning the ankle so that the sole of the foot points laterally is called _________________.
eversion
dense connective tissue that separates muscles
fascia
bundle of muscle fiber
fascicles
Within a joint called a symphysis, the bone ends are held together by_____________________.
fibrocartilage
Some of the first joints to undergo changes are the ___________ joints of the skull. As ossification of the skull continues through early childhood, these joints become smaller as the bones grow closer together.
fibrous
A suture is an example of a(n)
fibrous joint.
thick and thin myofilaments
filaments
scapula
flat bone
When you reach up to scratch your nose, you have to _______ your elbow.
flex
Movements permitted by the elbow joint between the humerus and the ulna are
flexion and extension
the shoulder is capable of what kinds of movement?
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction
the elbow is capable of what kinds of movement?
flexion, extension, rotation, pronation, and supination
The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the
foot
The presence of a joint capsule is associated with what type of joint?
synovial
Diarthrotic joints are
freely movable
fuel for ATP
glucose
A gluteal gait, in which a person walks with a waddling limp, is usually caused by a disorder of the
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
Disuse of the joints ____________ which hastens stiffening.
hampers blood flow
Which of the following are components of the pelvic girdle?
hip bones, coxal bones, sacrum ; all of the above
Articular cartilage is
hyaline cartilage
Curvatures of the spine produce all of the following except
increased height
Synovial membrane
inner lining of joint cavity
The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are
intercalated discs.
turning sole inward & outward
inversion, eversion
The zygomatic bone is an example of a(n)
irregular bone
vertebra
irregular bone
The femur
is the longest bone in the body, extends from the hip to the knee, articulates with the patella
Along the margin of the glenoid cavity is a fibrocartilage rim called the glenoid _______________. It deepens the cavity, making the joint more stable.
labrum
aerobic metabolism byproduct
lactic acid
The concentric rings of compact bone are called:
lamellae
In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the time the muscle responds is called the________________.
latent period
A joint capsule is reinforced by
ligaments binding articular ends of bones together.
humerous
long bone
The hard palate is composed of the
maxillary and palatine bones
Fibers of muscles whose motor neurons are severed
may be replaced by fat or fibrous connective tissue.
Fibrocartilage discs within joint is called___________?
menisci
Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called
menisci.
Bacteria infecting the mucous membranes in the air cells of the mastoid process most likely spread from the
middle ear
Threshold stimulus is the
minimum strength of stimulation required to contract a muscle fiber.
What is a function of bone that is due to its relationship with skeletal muscle?
movement of limbs
muscle cell
muscle fiber
A weightlifter uses muscles so the muscles exert more than 75% of their maximum tension, This stimulates
muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin.
An example of a partial but sustained contraction is
muscle tone.
tread like bundles of myofilaments
myofibril
During muscle contraction ATP supplies energy for
myofilament movement
The characteristic reddish brown color of skeletal muscle comes from which substance?
myoglobin
Thick filaments are composed of the protein______________?
myosin
In order for muscle contraction to occur, cross-bridges form between:
myosin and actin.
form cross fibers?
myosin heads
many combine to form filament?
myosin molecules
control center of the cell
nucleus
Articular cartilage of a long bone is found
on the outer surface of the epiphyses
A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the
origin.
Bone-producing cells are called:
osteoblasts
Throughout life, bone tissue continues to change. ______ are responsible for resorbing bone matrix and ______ are responsible for replacing it.
osteoclasts, osteoblasts
The combination of all of the concentric rings of bone built around blood vessels is called a(n):
osteon
Which of the following is not found associated with spongy bone?
osteons
Bisphosphonates are drugs that slow the progress of
osteoporosis
A sprain involves
overstretched or torn ligaments and tendons in a joint.
connective tissue surrounding fascicles
perimysium
Another layer of connective tissue, called the ______________, extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small sections. These sections contain bundles of skeletal muscle fibers called ________________.
perimysium, fascicles
Male Skeleton
prominent mastoid process on skull, larger acetabulum
Pivoting of the radius against the ulna turns the palm down and back is called__________________.
pronation
Functions of Skeletal System
protects soft tissue, point of attachments for muscles, site of blood-producing cells, stores inorganic salts
thin filaments are composed of what 3 proteins?
proteins-actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.
move forward & backward
protraction, retraction
3 carbon compound
pyruvic acid
The anular ligament encircles the head of the _____________ and attaches to the margin of the trochlear notch, holding the head against the radial notch.
radius
The head ________________ when shaking the head to say "no".
rotates
Tendons of several muscles (including the supraspinatus and subscapularis) cross the joint, blending with the fibrous layer of the joint capsule to form the _________________.
rotator cuff
The discoloration and swelling of a muscle strain is due to
ruptured blood vessels
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers results from the
sarcomere organization.
Muscle fibers are basically a collection of
sarcomeres.
storage site oc calcium
sarcoplasmic reticulum
An electrical impulse traveling along the sarcolemma and into transverse tubules causes calcium ions to diffuse from the ________ into the ________.
sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcoplasm
patella
sesamoid bone
carpal
short bone
The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the
shoulder joint
Artificial joints are built of
silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints.
Amphiarthrotic joints are
slightly movable
Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect
smooth muscle contraction.
Regina began an exercise program six months ago, and the muscles of her upper limbs and lower limbs are more prominent. Exercise can lead to formation of new muscle by
stimulating skeletal muscle cells to release IL-6, which stimulates satellite cells to divide, producing more muscle cells.
Creatine phosphate
supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP.
Which of the following is not considered a weight bearing activity?
swimming
Which of the following is not a synovial joint?
symphysis
The functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is a_______________.
synapse
The site where the neuron communicates with the muscle fiber is called a ____________.
synapse
neuromuscular junction
synapse
These chemicals diffuse across a small gap between the neuron and muscle fiber called the ___________________.
synaptic cleft
The joints between the epiphyses and diaphyses of long bones are a type of ___________________, a cartilaginous joint. These joints ossify around the time of puberty.
synchondroses
Types of fibrous joints include
syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints.
A fibrous joint in which an interosseous ligament binds bones is a
syndesmosis.
A muscle that assists the agonist is a(n)
synergist
In _________________ joints, changes within the joint capsule occur with aging. The blood flow to the synovial membrane decreases, reducing fluid production. It also loses elasticity as fibrous material builds up.
synovial
The binding of the chemicals to the muscle cell causes an electrical impulse to travel along the sarcolemma and down the ________________tubules.
transverse
The triangle of auscultation, commonly used to hear sounds of respiratory organs, is located near the border of the
trapezius and latissimus dorsi.
blocks binding site of myosin?
tropomyosin
Calcium ions bind to ______ in order to initiate a muscle contraction.
troponin
In order for a skeletal muscle fiber to contract, calcium must bind to:
troponin
Transverse (T) tubules are invaginations of the sarcolemma of a muscle cell. True or False
true
Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called
true ribs
The number of bones in the skeletal system is
variable
What is the role or function of yellow marrow in the bone tissue?
yellow bone marrow is a site for storage of fat
The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of
zygomatic and temporal bones