Chapter 12 - The Respiratory System

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

-Remove carbon dioxide from the cells -Provide oxygen to cells

Select all of these that are true of the nasal conchae.

-They are lined by mucous membranes -They increase the surface area of the nasal cavity

How many main bronchi serve the right lung?

1

Match the following terms with the best definition. 1) Ventilation 2) Inspiration 3) Expiration

1) The act of breathing 2) Movement of air into the lungs 3) Movement of air out of the lungs

Click and drag on elements in order List the structures of the bronchial tree that air will pass through as it leaves the pharynx.

1. Trachea 2. Bronchus 3. Lobar Bronchi 4. Bronchiole

How many lobes are found in the left lung?

2

The atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. Match the gases with their partial pressures. Instructions

597 mmHg = Partial pressure of nitrogen 159 mmHg = Partial pressure of oxygen 0.3 mmHg = Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Identify the vocal cords and related structures.

A = Epiglottis B = Glottis C = Vestibular fold D = Vocal cord E = Trachea F = Corniculate cartilage

Match the letter to the correct muscle used during inspiration.

A = External intercostal muscles B = Diaphragm C = Sternocleidomastoid D = Pectoralis minor

Match each letter to the correct anatomy of the lungs.

A = Left superior lobe B = Left inferior lobe C =Right superior lobe D = Right middle lobe E = Right inferior lobe

Identify the three areas of the pharynx.

A = Nasopharynx B = Oropharynx C = Laryngopharynx

Identify the components of the respiratory tract labeled here.

A = Nostril B = Larynx C = Bronchus D = Bronchial tree E = Right lung F = Trachea

Match each letter to the correct structure of the bronchial tree.

A = Trachea B = Right main bronchus C = Superior lobar bronchus D = Terminal bronchiole

What is chronic bronchitis?

A respiratory condition that results from long-term irritation of the epithelium of the bronchial tree

Identify the components of the upper respiratory tract labeled here.

A) Frontal Sinus B) Nasal Cavity C) Sphenoidal Sinus D) Pharynx E) Epiglottis F) Oral Cavity

Which of these is an effect of aging on the respiratory system?

Aging causes thoracic wall compliance to decrease.

What causes a pneumothorax?

Air is introduced in the pleural cavity

The structure in the lungs that provides a large surface area of thin simple squamous epithelial cells through which gases are exchanged is the ________.

Blank 1: alveoli or alveolus

In the alveolus, the PO2 alveolus > PO2 capillary, so oxygen diffuses into the ______.

Blank 1: capillaries

How well the lung can expand and return to its normal shape is a measurement of pulmonary function called _____.

Blank 1: compliance

The respiratory illness characterized by a loud, seal-like, barking cough and difficulty breathing is

Blank 1: croup

The respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus is the

Blank 1: flu or influenza

Air moves into the lungs driven by the difference between the atmospheric pressure of the environment and the intrapulmonary pressure of the lungs during _____.

Blank 1: inspiration or inhalation

Air enters the nasal cavity through the two nares of the______.

Blank 1: nose

The division of the pharynx that is common to the respiratory and digestive systems as a passageway for air, food, and drink is the ______.

Blank 1: oropharynx

The division of the pharynx that is common to the respiratory and digestive systems as a passageway for air, food, and drink is the _________.

Blank 1: oropharynx

The amount of pressure an individual gas contributes to the total pressure of the mixture is the ______ ______.

Blank 1: partial Blank 2: pressure

The condition commonly known as a sore throat is

Blank 1: pharyngitis

The flexible cylindrical tube with C shaped cartilage rings that extends downward from the larynx to the right and left main bronchi is the _______.

Blank 1: trachea

What causes a hemothorax?

Blood is introduced in the pleural cavity

What gases found at normal atmospheric pressure can be dissolved in water?

Carbon dioxide Oxygen

Identify the tissue shown here that lines the trachea.

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What type of tissue comprises the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What is the most common respiratory infection?

Common cold

What is the most common, fatal, genetic disease in the United States?

Cystic fibrosis

Match each of the following pulmonary volumes with its definition.

Expiratory reserve volume = Amount of air that can be expired beyond the amount expired in a normal breath at rest. Inspiratory reserve volume = Amount of air that can be inspired after the expiration of a normal breath at rest. Tidal volume matches = Amount of air inspired/expired with each normal breath at rest. Residual volume matches = The amount of air in the lungs that cannot be moved.

expiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume is the volume of air that can be expired beyond the tidal volume.

True or false: A sphygmomanometer is a medical device used to measure air volumes in order to evaluate the course of respiratory illnesses.

False Reason: This statement is false. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure. A spirometer is the name of the device used to measure air volumes.

True or false: The concentration of gases influences gas exchange because the greater the concentration gradient, the less diffusion takes place.

False Reason: The concentration of the gases matters because the greater the concentration gradient, the more diffusion takes place.

The ability of the respiratory system to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen across the respiratory membranes of the lungs and out at the tissues of the body is an example of what respiratory function?

Gas exchange

Pneumonia may cause excess fluid in the alveoli and swelling of the alveolar walls, which has what effect on gas exchange?

Gas exchange is harder due to increased thickness of the respiratory membrane.

What is the name of the opening between the vocal cords?

Glottis

H+ + HCO3- yields ______ which results in ______ + ______.

H2CO3; carbon dioxide; water

Free H+ reacts with ______ to become HHb and ______.

HbO2; O2

Which of these binds to free hydrogen ions, and acts as a buffer, resisting a change of pH in the blood?

Hemoglobin

What is laryngitis?

Inflammation of the larynx

What is pharyngitis?

Inflammation of the pharynx

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory reserve volume is the volume of air that can be inhaled during forced breathing beyond the tidal volume.

The region of the pharynx that extends from the level of the epiglottis to the beginning of the esophagus is the _________.

Laryngopharynx

Where are the main control centers for respiration located?

Medulla oblongata

What three bony lateral ridges of the nasal cavity provide support and increased surface areas for attachment of mucous membranes?

Nasal conchae

What structure divides the nasal cavity into right and left parts?

Nasal septum

Which gas is not soluble at atmospheric pressure and therefore cannot diffuse across the respiratory membrane?

Nitrogen

The air we breath is a mixture of gases. Match the gas found in the atmosphere to its correct percentage.

Nitrogen = 78.6% Oxygen = 20.9% Carbon dioxide = .04%

Alveolar air has a higher concentration of ______ and a lower concentration of ______ in comparison to capillary blood.

O2; CO2

The pleura that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm is the ________ pleura.

Parietal

The structures labeled "A", "B", and "C" in the figure make up what part of the respiratory tract?

Pharynx

What is necessary for air to flow into and out of the lungs?

Pressure gradient

What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity?

Residual volume + vital capacity

What two body systems work together to provide oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide from them?

Respiratory system Cardiovascular system

Select all of these that form the nasal cavity.

Septal cartilage Nasal septum Vomer Ethmoid bone

Select all of these that comprise the nose.

Septal nasal cartilage Nasal bones Alar cartilages

Which bones of the skull contain sinuses?

Sphenoid Frontal Ethmoid Maxilla

What is the name of the medical device used to measure the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs?

Spirometer

What tests are used to diagnose infectious diseases of the respiratory system?

Sputum analysis Monospot test Rapid strep test Rapid influenza test

Identify the tissue that lines the oropharynx.

Stratified squamous epithelium

What respiratory infection is caused by Group A streptococcus?

Strep throat

What is inspiration?

The movement of air into the lungs.

What is expiration?

The movement of air out of the lungs.

What is the role of the C-shaped cartilaginous rings that line the trachea?

They prevent the trachea from collapsing.

How many lobar bronchi enter the right lung?

Three

What calculated volume typically has the greatest value?

Total lung capacity

Select all of these that are components of the respiratory tract.

Trachea Larynx Pharynx Bronchi Lungs

True or false: A pressure gradient is necessary for air to flow into or out of the lungs.

True Reason: Air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

The lungs react to what respiratory infection by walling off bacterial lesions with scar tissue that diminishes lung compliance?

Tuberculosis

Which pleura is in contact with the lungs?

Visceral

Match each of the following pulmonary capacities with its definition.

Vital capacity = Maximum amount of air that can be moved. Inspiratory capacity = Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after the expiration of a normal breath at rest. Functional residual capacity = The amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration. Total lung capacity = Maximum amount of air that the lung can hold.

vital capacity

Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible.

Identify the effects of aging on the respiratory system.

[] Aging decreases respiratory membrane thickness. [x] Aging causes the ciliated escalator become less efficient. [x] Aging causes thoracic wall compliance to decrease. [] Aging increases the area of the respiratory membrane. [x] Aging may cause obstructive sleep apnea.

Select all of these that are functions of the respiratory tract.

[] Electrolyte balance [] Fluid Balance [x] Creation of pressure gradients [x] Speech [x] Acid-base balance [x] Gas exchange

Select all gases that are in the air we breath.

[] Helium [x] Nitrogen [] Neon [x] Oxygen [x] Carbon dioxide

Select all muscles that contract during inspiration.

[] Internal intercostals [x] Pectoralis minor [x] External intercostals [x] Sternocleidomastoid [x] Diaphragm [] External and internal obliques

Select all muscles that contract during forced expiration.

[] Pectoralis minor [] External intercostals [x] Abdominal muscles [] Diaphragm [x] Internal intercostals

Carbonic acid, formed during the transport of CO2, dissociates into what two products?

[] water [x] bicarbonate ion [] carbon dioxide [x] hydrogen ion

What are the functions of the larynx?

[x] Conduct air into the trachea [] Conduct food from the oral cavity to the esophagus [x] Protect and house the vocal cords [x] Prevent objects from entering the trachea

Select all of the true statements regarding inspired and expired air.

[x] Expired has a lower partial pressure of oxygen than inspired air. [] The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is the same in expired and inspired air. [] Expired has a higher partial pressure of oxygen than inspired air. [x] Expired has a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide than inspired air.

Select all of these that are true of mononucleosis.

[x] Symptoms include fatigue, fever, swollen lymph nodes and a sore throat. [x] It is caused by a virus. [] It is caused by a bacterium. [] It can be diagnosed using a rapid strep test. [x] It is transmitted through saliva and close contact.

What are characteristics of the conducting passages of the bronchial tree as air moves from the primary bronchi to the alveolar ducts? Select all that apply

[x] The amount of cartilage in the walls of the passages is reduced. [x] The bronchioles possess a well-developed layer of smooth muscle in their walls. [] The amount of cartilage in the walls of the passages increases. [] The diameter of the conducting passages increases. [x] The diameter of the conducting passages becomes smaller.

Select all of these that occur during inspiration.

[x] Volume of thoracic cavity increases [] Diaphragm and external intercostals relax [] Air flows out of the lungs and alveoli [x] Intrapulmonary pressure decreases

Select all of the functions of the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity.

[x] Warm inspired air [] External respiration [x] Humidify inhaled air [] Internal respiration [x] Trapping debris

When air is introduced into the pleural cavity ______ can result.

a pneumothorax

Acute bronchitis is

an inflammation of the bronchial tubes following a respiratory infection.

Carbonic acid, formed during the transport of CO2, dissociates into

bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion

What root word means bronchus?

bronchi/o Not to be confused with: bronchiol/o = bronchiole bronch/o = brochial tube

By binding to free hydrogen ions, hemoglobin acts as a _____ , resisting a change of pH in the blood.

buffer

The supportive structures of the trachea are

c-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage.

Free hydrogen ions in the capillary at the alveolus bind to the bicarbonate ions to form ______, which further breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.

carbonic acid

The respiratory condition that results from long-term irritation of the bronchial tree epithelium is

chronic bronchitis.

The trachea is lined with

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The measurement of how well the lung can expand and return to shape (elasticity) is ______.

compliance

During breathing, inspiration involves muscle ______ and expiration involves muscle ______.

contraction; relaxation

The disease characterized by the presence of a faulty transmembrane regulator gene resulting in the production of a sticky mucus that cannot be easily moved by the respiratory epithelium's ciliated escalator is

cystic fibrosis.

Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles during expiration causes a(n) ______ in the volume of the thoracic cavity.

decrease Reason: To cause expiration, the muscles of expiration have to make the lung volume smaller. Decreasing the volume increases the air pressure within the lungs, thus driving the air out of the lungs.

Because air is thinner and contains less oxygen at higher altitudes, gas exchange of oxygen is ______.

decreased

When we inhale, the _______ drive(s) air into our lungs from the outside environment.

difference in air pressure

Oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs diffuses

down its concentration gradient towards the capillary blood

When you swallow, the muscles of the larynx lift causing the ________ to cover the glottis preventing food or liquid from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

The volume defined as the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond the tidal volume is the ______.

expiratory reserve volume

When comparing inspired and expired air

expired air has a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide than inspired air.

True or false: The tidal volume is the amount of air in the lungs that cannot be moved.

false

What is the function of the alveoli of the lungs?

gas exchange Reason: The alveoli are the "end destination" for air; this is where gases are exchanged with the blood (air doesn't enter the capillaries).

The thicker the respiratory membrane, the ______ it is for gas exchange to occur.

harder

Blood introduced into a pleural cavity is a ______.

hemothorax

The right and left main bronchi enter each lung at the ______.

hilium

As the muscles of inspiration contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity ______ and the intrapulmonary pressure ______.

increases; decreases

A cartilaginous box in the airway at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords is the

larynx

The "voice-box", a cartilaginous region of the airway that contains the vocal cords, is also called the ______.

larynx

The passageway for moving air into and out of the trachea is the

larynx

An emphysema patient has reduced respiratory membrane area which will result in ______ gas exchange.

less

The trachea and lungs are part of the

lower respiratory tract.

Blood flow to the alveoli is described as ______ while airflow to the alveoli is ______.

lung perfusion; alveolar ventilation

The main control centers for respiration are located in the ______ ______.

medulla oblongata

The greater the area of the respiratory membrane, the ______ the opportunity for gas exchange exists.

more

The space located behind the nose is called the

nasal cavity.

The structure composed of bone and cartilage that divides the nasal cavity into right and left parts is the __________ __________ .

nasal septum

Which area of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavity and soft palate?

nasopharynx

The part of the pharynx that contains pharyngeal tonsils and the opening to the auditory tube is the

nasopharynx.

During normal breathing, the glottis is ______; however, during swallowing the glottis is ______.

open; closed

Free hydrogen ions react with oxyhemoglobin to become deoxyhemoglobin and

oxygen.

At the alveolus deoxyhemoglobin in the capillaries reacts with oxygen to release hydrogen ions and form ______.

oxyhemoglobin

A highly contagious bacterial infection that causes paralysis of cilia in the respiratory epithelium is

pertussis

What root word means pharynx?

pharyng/o

The respiratory infection characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli, and inflammation which causes the respiratory membrane to thicken, thereby reducing gas exchange is

pneumonia.

The amount of air in the lungs that cannot be moved is the ______.

residual volume

The common cold is commonly caused by

rhinovirus.

What type of tissue lines the laryngopharynx?

stratified squamous epithelial

The structure that conducts air from the larynx to the right and left main bronchi is the ______.

trachea Reason: The pharynx is superior to the larynx. Air comes through the pharynx TO the larynx. To get from the larynx to the bronchi, air next flows through the trachea.

True or false: The respiratory system functions to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen across the respiratory membranes of the lungs and out at the tissues of the body.

true

The bacterial infection characterized by lesions that have been walled off with scar tissue, as shown here is

tuberculosis.

The anatomical structures of the respiratory track located in the head and neck make up the ________.

upper respiratory track.

The concept that the airflow to the lung must match the blood flow to the lung describes

ventilation-perfusion coupling.

The act of breathing is also known as

ventilation.