KIN 474 - Chapter 12 & 13 Study Notes

What are balance and stability? Understand the difference between the two.

Balance is the ability to maintain static and dynamic equilibrium or the ability to maintain the body's center of gravity over its base of support Stability is a measure of the ability to return to a desired position following a disturbance to the system

Be familiar with proper testing procedure for the following: 1. Which test(s) measure maximal muscular strength? 2. Which test(s) measure anaerobic capacity? 3. Which test(s) measure local muscular endurance? 4. Which test(s) measure aerobic fitness?

1. Low-speed strength; related to the force a muscle or muscle group can exert in one maximal effort Ex. the 1-repetition maximum [1 RM] such as bench press or back squat In Book 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4 2. High-speed strength; related to the ability of a muscle tissue to exert high force while contracting at a high speed Ex. Anaerobic power tests. Includes the 1RM of explosive exercises (the power clean, snatch, push jerk), the height of a vertical jump, the time to print up a staircase In Book 13.10 3. maximal rate if energy production by the combined phosphogen and glycolytic energy systems for moderate-duration activities ( Wingate test) Ex. Repititions in the chin-up, parallel bar dip, or push-up exercises or a resistance training exercise using a fixed load In Book 13.11, 13.12, 13.13 4. Ability of certain muscles or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against submaximal resistance In Book 13.14, 13.15

What are factors to consider for test selection?

1. Metabolic Energy System Specificity: consider the energy demands (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative) of the sport when choosing or designing tests 2. Biomechanical Movement Pattern Specificity: the more similar the test is to an important movement in the sport, the better 3. Experience and Training Status: consider the athlete's ability to perform the technique and the athlete's level of strength and endurance training 4. Age and Sex: both may affect athletes' experience, interest, and ability 5. Environmental Factors: high temperature and high humidity can impair performance, pose health risks, and lower validity of aerobic endurance tests - temperature fluctuations can reduce ability to compare test results over time - altitude can impair performance on aerobic endurance tests, although not on tests of strength and power

Be able to arrange tests in the most appropriate sequence so that test results are not adversely affected

1. Nonfatiguing tests (height, weight, flexibility, skinfold, and girth measurements, vertical jump) 2. Agility tests (T-test, pro agility test) 3. Maximum power and strength tests (1RM power clean, 1RM squat) 4. Sprint tests (40 m sprint with split times at 10 m and 20 m) 5. Local muscular endurance tests (push-up tests) 6. Fatiguing anaerobic capacity tests ( 300-yard [275 m] shuttle) 7. Aerobic capacity tests (1.5-mile [2.4 km] run or Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test

What is reliability and its subtypes? What can affect it?

Reliability: A measure of the degree of *consistency* or *repeatability* of a test. Reliability of a test may differ between groups based on differences in physical or emotional maturity and skill level *A test must be reliable to be valid, because highly variable results have little meaning* ; but a reliable test may not be valid How to improve reliability: - Defined scoring system - Stop watch vs electric timing (timing) - Instructions Subtypes: - test-retest reliability: statistical correlation of the scores from two administrations - Typical error of measurement: includes both equipment error and biological variation of athletes

Chapter 12 What is validity and its subtypes? What can affect it?

Validity: the degree to which a test or test item measures what it is supposed to measure *the most important characteristic of testing* Subtypes: 1. Construct Validity: the ability of a test to represent the underlying construct (the theory developed to organize and explain some aspects of existing knowledge and observations) (Face, Content, Criterion-reference make up Construct) 2. Face Validity: the appearance to the athlete and other casual observers that the test measures what it is purported to measure 3. Content Validity: the assessment by experts that the test covers all relevant subtopics or component abilities in appropriate proportions 4. Criterion-Referenced Validity: the extent to which test scores are associated with some other measure of the same ability (3 Types) a. Concurrent Validity: the extent to which test scores are associated with those of other tests measuring the same ability b. Convergent Validity: evidenced by high positive correlation between results of the test being assessed and those of the recognized measure of the construct ("the gold standard") b. Predictive Validity: the extent to which the test score corresponds with future performance or behavior c. Discriminant Validity: the ability of a test to distinguish between two different constructs

What are potential sources of testing measurement error?

include both the equipment error and biological variation of athletes the difference between two sets of scores can arise from a number of different factors: - Intrasubject (within subjects) variability: lack of consistent performance by the person being tested - Lack of interrator (between raters) reliability or agreement: measure of consistency; between more than one tester - Intrarater (within raters) variability: lack of consistent scores by a given tester - Failure of the test itself to provide consistent results To reduce error: - Selection and Training of testers - Recording Forms - Test Format - Testing Batteries and Multiple Testing Trials - Sequence of Tests - Preparing athlete for testing