Chapter 13, 14, 15 Test
Lagging strand
Elongates away from replication fork
Sticky end
A single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment
cAMP
Accumulates when glucose is scarce
Origins of replication
Beginning site of chromosomal replication of DNA
miRNA
Blocks translation by binding to mRNA
Proteasome
Breaks down proteins
Chromatin
Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
TATA box
Crucial to form the transcription initiation complex
Restriction enzyme
Cut DNA molecules at a limited number of specific locations
Leading strand
DNA pol III on template strand and continually adds nucleotides to new complementary strand
Restriction fragments
DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA
Promoter
DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription
Nuclease
DNA-cutting enzyme
Nucleoid
Dense region of DNA in a bacterium
Beadle and Tatum
Determined function of gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme
Alternative RNA splicing
Different mRNA molecules are produced from same primary transcript
Chargaff
Discovered 1:1 ratio of bases?
Hershey and Chase
Discovered DNA is genetic material of phage
Watson and Crick
Discovered shape of DNA?
Fred Griffith
Discovered transformation of DNA
Mismatch repair
Enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides resulting from replication errors
Helicase
Enzymes that untwist the double helix at replication forks
General transcription factors
Essential for transcription of all protein-coding genes
Lac operon
Example of inducible operon
Trp operon
Example of repressible operon
E site
Exit site
Differential gene expression
Expression of different genes by cells with the same genome
Topoisomerase
Helps relieve strain in double helix by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
Heterochromatin
Highly condensed chromatin that generally doesn't transcribe
P site
Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
A site
Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to chain
Inducer binds to active repressor
How to flip switch for inducible operon
Corepressor binds to inactive repressor protein
How to flip switch for repressible operon
DNA ligase
Joins Okazaki fragments together
Single-stranded binding proteins
Keeps unpaired DNA strands from re-pairing
High
Lactose present, glucose absent cAMP level?
Low
Lactose present, glucose present cAMP level?
Spliceosome
Large complex made of proteins and small RNAs that remove introns
Euchromatin
Less condensed form of chromatin available for transcription
DNA methylation
Long term gene inactivation Ex: Barr bodies
Ubiquitin
Marks proteins for degredation
Transcription factors
Mediate binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription
Recombinant DNA molecule
Molecule containing DNA from two different sources
rRNA
Most abundant type of RNA
Introns
Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions
Inducible
Operon that is off but needs to be turned on
Repressible
Operon that is on but needs to be turned off
RNA polymerase
Pries two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand
Histone acetylation
Promote transcription
A & G
Purines?
T & C
Pyrimidines?
DNA polymerase I
Removes RNA primers from the fragments and replaces it with the required nucleotides.
Living R bacteria transformed into pathogenic S bacteria
Results of Griffith's experiment
R strand
Rough & harmless
Terminator
Sequence that signals end of transcription
RNA primer
Short stretch of RNA with a 3' end and elongated with DNA nucleotides
Nucleus
Site of transcription
Ribosomes
Site of translation
Plasmids
Small circular DNA molecules that are replicated separately
S strand
Smooth & pathogenic
Restriction site
Specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme
AUG
Start codon
UAA UAG UGA
Stop codon
Transcription
Synthesis of RNA using information in DNA
Translation
Synthesis of polypeptide using the information of mRNA
Lagging strand
Synthesized discontinuously in series of Okazaki fragments
RNA primase
Synthesizes RNA primer
Polymerase chain reaction
Technique for amplifying DNA
tRNA
Transfer amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to a growing polypeptide in a ribosome
Semiconservative Model
Two strands of the parental molecule separate and each function as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand
Gel electrophorisis
Used to separate and visualize restriction fragments
Phage
Viruses that infect bacteria
Franklin
Who produced DNA photo that showed width/spacing and double helix?
Replication fork
Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are unwound
DNA polymerase III
essential for the replication of the leading and the lagging strands
