Chapter 13 Mastering Biology

the common house mouse species, Mus musculus, has the following taxonomics, classification: Mus, Murinda, Rodentia, Mammalia, Chordata, Animalia, Eukarya. Which part of the name is the Family?

Muridae

Which statement is TRUE?

Natural selection works on variation already present in a population

Which situation is an example is an example of sexual selection?

Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the brightest tails

While on his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin was strongly influenced by this book.

Principles of geology by Charles Lyell

Which of the following is a true statement?

Species with nucleotide sequences that much closely share a recent common ancestor

Natural selection generally results in a _______

a population that is adapted to its current environment

Natural selection can be defined as _____________________________________

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

The evolution of populations due to chance is ________________________

genetic drift describes the evolution of a population due to chance

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift ________________

has more effect on the evolution of a small population.

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, _______________________

the frequency of the green allele will increase

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?

Stabilizing selection

Which situation is most likely to decrease genetic variation?

Stabilizing selection

Which group of organisms is a population?

The termites interesting your house

This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of _____________ to the environment

adaptations

The ____________ of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time.

diversity

A challenge to traditional ideas about species came from embroyology, where it was discovered that ____________________________

embroys of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other.

All the genes in a population are that population's ___________

gene pool

The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time makes up that population's __________________

gene pool

A change in the gene pool due to chance results in __________

genetic drift

Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____________

genetic drift

Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their __________________ an that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

inherited traits

The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is "descent with ________________

modification

Which process can create new alleles?

mutation

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other characteristics is called ______________

natural selection

Chytridomyosis is a fungal disease first identified in 1998 as a cause of massive amphibian deaths. In some severely impacted populations, a few individuals have survived, perhaps because of some natural resistance. If these resistant individuals continue to survive and prosper, new resistance populations might emerge. This would be an example of __________________

natural selection

Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _______________

nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more __________

offspring

Disruptive selection can lead to an ____________________________________

an increase in both large and small lobsters in comparison to medium- sized lobsters.

A mutation occurs when _________________

there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene

After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which statements is most likely to apply to this population?

The post-bottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the pre-bottleneck population

If the frequency of one allele in a population is 0.7 in a population with two alleles at a particular locus, what is the frequency of the alternate allele?

0.30

In human gamete production there is an average of ________________ crossover events per chromosome pairs

2-3

In recessive lethal diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease, carriers have one copy of the normal allele and one copy of the allele for the disease. Carriers are represented in the Hardy- Weinberg formula by _____

2pq

Which explanation is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyl than the human population as a whole?

Founder effect

In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?

Frequency of heterozygotes

In the Hardy- Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?

Frequency of heterozygotes for one allele

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase

Which phenomen (or lack of) will prevent significant genetic drift?

The population size is large

Similarity resulting from common ancestry is known as _____________

homology

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _______________

metaphase 1

Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called ____________________

natural selection

The wing of a bat is homologous to the ___________ of a whale.

flipper

Which of these individuals is a homozygous genotype?

AA

Which of these gametes contain one or more recombinant chromosomes?

B<C,F and G

Which mechanism for evolution was proposed by Lamarck ?

Evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics

In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones.

False

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?

Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food

Suppose that every few years, all people over 6 feet tall do not have any children. How will this affect the human population.

Alleles that promote "tallness" will decrease in frequency

_____________ believed that species are fixed forms that do not change over time while ____________ believed that evolution is the refinement of traits the equip organisms to perform successfully in their environments.

Aristotle, Lamarck

Which is a component of the fossil record?

Bones of extinct whales

What observation concerning the geographic distribution of species on the Galapagos Islands helped Darwin formulate his ideas about the mechanisms of evolution?

Darwin observed that most of the animals that inhabit these remote islands are not found anywhere else in the world, but they resemble South American Species. Furthermore, each island has its own unique species.

In a species of snail, dark- shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light- shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat, which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?

Disruptive selection

Which of the following events could NOT be caused by a population bottleneck?

Increased population size

Which result might be a consequence of stabilizing selection?

Infants born with weights between 3 and 4 kg have a higher survival than infants much lighter or heavier at birth

Which of the following statements about the amobea population described at the end of the tutorial is true?

It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation

Which statement about the voyage of the Beagle is True?

It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals

The first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to ___________

Lamarck

What can you conclude about the susceptibility of the bacteria to the antibiotics?

The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic C than antibiotic E

Which of the following is the most recent example of an evolutionary change in populations?

The development of pesticide- resistant insects

Which of he following examples of natural selection has occurred over the course of our lifetime?

The evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria

Which anatomical features are homologous?

The forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

Which is a characteristic of a population at Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium?

The population is not evolving

Which is a phenomen that can result from directional selection?

There is an increase in the number of giraffes with long necks in areas of Africa where low- growing trees have died.

The accompanying figure shows the percent of selected DNA sequences that match between a chimpanzee and other primates. These

These data support the hypothesis that the chimpanzee's closed surviving relative is humans

Homology is evidence of _____________

common ancestry

The similarity of the embryos of chickens and humans is evidence of ______________

common ancestry

The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase ____________

gene flow

In the Origin of Species, Darwin argued that the mechanisms of descent with modification was ____________

natural selection

During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ________________________________

plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants, and animals living in similar regions on other continents.

Natural selection _______________________________________

relies on variation among individuals in a population

Natural selection ________________

results in evolutionary adaptations

The population of American bison used to number in the millions. hunting and other problems greatly decreased the number of bison to about 1,000. today, the numbers are recovering to estimates of more than 200,000 bison. This crash in the population of bison and recent recovery is an example of ___________

the bottleneck effect

Imagine that anew population of humans is established on a previously uninhabited planet from ten randomly selected people in your biology class. Over thousands of years, the descendants of those ten people reproduce and prosper, but they do not reflect well he diversity of humans on Earth. This reduction in genetic diversity in the establishment of the population is an example of ___________

the founder effect

Genetic drift is a process based on ______________

the role of chance

All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the ___________ of life.

unity