Chapter 13 Mastering Biology
the common house mouse species, Mus musculus, has the following taxonomics, classification: Mus, Murinda, Rodentia, Mammalia, Chordata, Animalia, Eukarya. Which part of the name is the Family?
Muridae
Which statement is TRUE?
Natural selection works on variation already present in a population
Which situation is an example is an example of sexual selection?
Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the brightest tails
While on his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin was strongly influenced by this book.
Principles of geology by Charles Lyell
Which of the following is a true statement?
Species with nucleotide sequences that much closely share a recent common ancestor
Natural selection generally results in a _______
a population that is adapted to its current environment
Natural selection can be defined as _____________________________________
a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits
The evolution of populations due to chance is ________________________
genetic drift describes the evolution of a population due to chance
In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift ________________
has more effect on the evolution of a small population.
If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, _______________________
the frequency of the green allele will increase
Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?
Stabilizing selection
Which situation is most likely to decrease genetic variation?
Stabilizing selection
Which group of organisms is a population?
The termites interesting your house
This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of _____________ to the environment
adaptations
The ____________ of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time.
diversity
A challenge to traditional ideas about species came from embroyology, where it was discovered that ____________________________
embroys of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other.
All the genes in a population are that population's ___________
gene pool
The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time makes up that population's __________________
gene pool
A change in the gene pool due to chance results in __________
genetic drift
Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____________
genetic drift
Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their __________________ an that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support.
inherited traits
The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is "descent with ________________
modification
Which process can create new alleles?
mutation
A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other characteristics is called ______________
natural selection
Chytridomyosis is a fungal disease first identified in 1998 as a cause of massive amphibian deaths. In some severely impacted populations, a few individuals have survived, perhaps because of some natural resistance. If these resistant individuals continue to survive and prosper, new resistance populations might emerge. This would be an example of __________________
natural selection
Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _______________
nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more __________
offspring
Disruptive selection can lead to an ____________________________________
an increase in both large and small lobsters in comparison to medium- sized lobsters.
A mutation occurs when _________________
there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene
After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which statements is most likely to apply to this population?
The post-bottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the pre-bottleneck population
If the frequency of one allele in a population is 0.7 in a population with two alleles at a particular locus, what is the frequency of the alternate allele?
0.30
In human gamete production there is an average of ________________ crossover events per chromosome pairs
2-3
In recessive lethal diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease, carriers have one copy of the normal allele and one copy of the allele for the disease. Carriers are represented in the Hardy- Weinberg formula by _____
2pq
Which explanation is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyl than the human population as a whole?
Founder effect
In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?
Frequency of heterozygotes
In the Hardy- Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?
Frequency of heterozygotes for one allele
Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?
Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase
Which phenomen (or lack of) will prevent significant genetic drift?
The population size is large
Similarity resulting from common ancestry is known as _____________
homology
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _______________
metaphase 1
Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called ____________________
natural selection
The wing of a bat is homologous to the ___________ of a whale.
flipper
Which of these individuals is a homozygous genotype?
AA
Which of these gametes contain one or more recombinant chromosomes?
B<C,F and G
Which mechanism for evolution was proposed by Lamarck ?
Evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics
In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones.
False
Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food
Suppose that every few years, all people over 6 feet tall do not have any children. How will this affect the human population.
Alleles that promote "tallness" will decrease in frequency
_____________ believed that species are fixed forms that do not change over time while ____________ believed that evolution is the refinement of traits the equip organisms to perform successfully in their environments.
Aristotle, Lamarck
Which is a component of the fossil record?
Bones of extinct whales
What observation concerning the geographic distribution of species on the Galapagos Islands helped Darwin formulate his ideas about the mechanisms of evolution?
Darwin observed that most of the animals that inhabit these remote islands are not found anywhere else in the world, but they resemble South American Species. Furthermore, each island has its own unique species.
In a species of snail, dark- shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light- shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat, which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?
Disruptive selection
Which of the following events could NOT be caused by a population bottleneck?
Increased population size
Which result might be a consequence of stabilizing selection?
Infants born with weights between 3 and 4 kg have a higher survival than infants much lighter or heavier at birth
Which of the following statements about the amobea population described at the end of the tutorial is true?
It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation
Which statement about the voyage of the Beagle is True?
It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals
The first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to ___________
Lamarck
What can you conclude about the susceptibility of the bacteria to the antibiotics?
The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic C than antibiotic E
Which of the following is the most recent example of an evolutionary change in populations?
The development of pesticide- resistant insects
Which of he following examples of natural selection has occurred over the course of our lifetime?
The evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria
Which anatomical features are homologous?
The forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat
Which is a characteristic of a population at Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium?
The population is not evolving
Which is a phenomen that can result from directional selection?
There is an increase in the number of giraffes with long necks in areas of Africa where low- growing trees have died.
The accompanying figure shows the percent of selected DNA sequences that match between a chimpanzee and other primates. These
These data support the hypothesis that the chimpanzee's closed surviving relative is humans
Homology is evidence of _____________
common ancestry
The similarity of the embryos of chickens and humans is evidence of ______________
common ancestry
The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase ____________
gene flow
In the Origin of Species, Darwin argued that the mechanisms of descent with modification was ____________
natural selection
During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ________________________________
plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants, and animals living in similar regions on other continents.
Natural selection _______________________________________
relies on variation among individuals in a population
Natural selection ________________
results in evolutionary adaptations
The population of American bison used to number in the millions. hunting and other problems greatly decreased the number of bison to about 1,000. today, the numbers are recovering to estimates of more than 200,000 bison. This crash in the population of bison and recent recovery is an example of ___________
the bottleneck effect
Imagine that anew population of humans is established on a previously uninhabited planet from ten randomly selected people in your biology class. Over thousands of years, the descendants of those ten people reproduce and prosper, but they do not reflect well he diversity of humans on Earth. This reduction in genetic diversity in the establishment of the population is an example of ___________
the founder effect
Genetic drift is a process based on ______________
the role of chance
All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the ___________ of life.
unity
