Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

Beck

"cognitive triad"; negative view of experiences, self, and the future

In the United States, approximately ____________ of people will meet the criteria of a psychological disorder at some point in their lives

50%

Compulsion

A behavior or "mental act" that a person repeats over and over in an effort to reduce anxiety

Dissociative fugue

A condition in which a person with dissociative amnesia wanders about in a confused and unexpected manner.

Compare the symptoms of bipolar disorder with those of major depressive disorder.

A diagnosis of bipolar I disorder requires that a person experience at least one manic episode, substantial distress, and great impairment. Bipolar II disorder requires at least one major depressive episode as well as a hypomanic episode, which is associated with some of the same symptoms as a manic episode, but is not as severe and does not impair one's ability to function. People with bipolar disorder cycle between extreme highs and lows of emotion and energy that last for days, weeks, or even months. Individuals with major depressive disorder, on the other hand, tend to experience a persistent low mood, loss of energy, and feelings of worthlessness.

Schizophrenia

A disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior.

Dissociation

A disturbance in the normally integrated experience of psychological functions involved in memory, consciousness, perception, or identity.

Anxiety dosorders

A group of psychological disorders associated with extreme anxiety and/or debilitating, irrational fears

Personality disorders

A group of psychological disorders that can include impairments in cognition, emotional responses, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.

Insanity

A legal determination of the degree to which a person is responsible for criminal behaviors

Bipolar disorder

A mood disorder marked by dramatic swings in mood, ranging from manic episodes to depressive episodes

Stigma

A negative attitude or opinion about groups of people based on certain traits or characteristics

Generalized anxiety dosorder

A psychological disorder characterized by an excessive amount of worry and anxiety about activities relating to family, health, school, and other aspects of daily life

Borderline personality disorder

A psychological disorder distinguished by an incomplete sense of self, extreme self-criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness.

Antisocial personality disorder

A psychological disorder distinguished by unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack of remorse.

Dissociative amnesia

A psychological disorder marked by difficulty remembering important personal information and life events.

Specific phobia

A psychological disorder that includes a distinct fear or anxiety in relation to an object or situation

Major depressive disorder

A psychological disorder that includes at least one major depressive episode, with symptoms such as depressed mood, problems with sleep, and loss of energy.

Panic disorder

A psychological disorder that includes recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear that can cause significant changes in behavior

Dissociative identity disorder

A psychological disorder that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within an individual.

Psychological disorder

A set of behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive symptoms that are significantly distressing or disabling in terms of social functioning, work endeavors, and other aspects of life - these conditions primarily result from disturbances in psychological, biological, and developmental processes

Learned helplessness

A tendency for people to believe they have no control over the consequences of their behaviors, resulting in passive behavior.

Dopamine hypothesis

A theory suggesting that the synthesis, release, and concentrations of the neurotransmitter dopamine play a role in schizophrenia.

Obsession

A thought, an urge, or an image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome, and often causes anxiety and distress

Medical model

An approach suggesting that psychological disorders are illnesses that have underlying biological causes

hink of behaviors that are (1) atypical but not dysfunctional; (2) dysfunctional but not distressful; and (3) deviant but not dysfunctional

An atypical behavior that is not dysfunctional might be an adolescent who dyes his hair in many different shades of green. A dysfunctional behavior that is not distressful might be someone having difficulty getting out of bed in the morning because she stayed up late to meet a deadline for the next day. Deviant but not dysfunctional behaviors were demonstrated in 2011 by the Occupy Wall Street protesters who slept in public places and refused to move when asked to do so by the police during their protests.

ndividuals with ____________ are likely to feel a sense of emptiness, likely to become angry easily, and maintain intense but unstable relationships.

BPD

Abnormal behaviors

Behavior that is atypical, dysfunctional, distressful, and/or deviant - definition or meaning of "abnormal" is relative to place and time

Maladaptive behaviors

Behaviors or actions that run counter to what is in one's own best interest

Negative symptoms

Behaviors or characteristics that are limited or absent; includes social withdrawal, diminished speech, limited or no emotions, or loss of energy and follow-up.

Melissa has demonstrated recurrent all-consuming thoughts and feelings of worry. She tries to stop unwanted thoughts and urges through a variety of behaviors that she repeats over and over. These behaviors are known as

Compulsions

____________ is a disturbance in the normally integrated experiences of memory, consciousness, perception, or identity.

Dissociation

____________ involves two or more distinct personalities within an individual. This experience is characterized by a lack of connection with behavior, awareness, memory, cognition, and other functioning.

Dissociative identity disorder

Two of the identifiers of abnormal behavior are distress and impairment. How would the personality disorders fit the criteria for abnormal behavior?

Distress is the degree to which behavior or emotions cause an individual to feel upset or uncomfortable. Impairment or dysfunction is the degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and relationships. Personality disorders are a group of psychological disorders that can include impairments in cognition, emotional responses, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control. Thus, they involve issues that can meet two of the criteria of abnormal behavior: dysfunction (they interfere with daily life and relationships) and deviance (behaviors often considered outside the standards of society).

Seligman

Dog experiment

Which of the following is a criterion used to define abnormal behavior?

Dysfunction

Bipolar I disorder

Episodes of mania that include an "abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased activity or energy that is present for most of the day, nearly every day, for a period of at least 1 week". This may be preceded by hypomania or depression

Positive symptoms

Excesses or distortions of normal behavior, which include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.

Agoraphobia

Extreme fear of situations involving public transportation, open spaces, or other public settings

A woman with schizophrenia reports hearing voices that tell her she is ugly and worthless. This is an example of a(n):

Hallucination

What is the difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder?

In order to be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, a person must experience at least one manic episode spanning a week or more. These periods of mania are characterized by increased energy and activity and unusual excitement and/or irritability. Depression and hypomania may also occur. To be diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, a person must experience recurrent episodes of major depression lasting 2 or more weeks and at least one episode of hypomania spanning 4 or more days. Hypomania is a mild version of mania; the symptoms are similar, but not disabling.

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality that is severe and chronic.

If someone goes for days in a row without sleeping and consumes excessive alcohol to calm his nerves, he is exhibiting ____________ behaviors; his actions are counter to his best interests

Maladaptive

Dysfunction

One of the criteria used to determine abnormal psychology. Degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and relationships

Typicality

One of the criteria used to determine abnormal psychology. Degree to which behavior is atypical, meaning rarely seen or statistically abnormal. An atypical behavior is rarely seen, or infrequent

Deviance

One of the criteria used to determine abnormal psychology. Degree to which behavior is considered outside the standards or rules of society

Distress

One of the criteria used to determine abnormal psychology. Degree to which behavior or emotions cause an individual to feel upset or uncomfortable

Hallucination

Perceptual-like experiences that an individual believes are real, but that are not evident to others.

Dissociative disorders

Psychological disorders distinguished by disturbances in normal psychological functioning; may include problems with memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor control.

A loss of contact with reality is referred to as __________.

Psychosis

Bipolar II disorder

Repeated major depressive episodes (lasting at least 2 weeks) and "at least one hypomanic episode," which must last for a minimum of 4 days

Imagine Melissa's therapist helped reduce the negative reinforcement of her obsessions and compulsions by not allowing her to repeatedly check that her car was locked. Explain why such a technique would work.

Repeatedly locking the car temporarily reduced Melissa's anxiety, making her more likely to perform this behavior in the future; thus, negative reinforcement promoted this maladaptive behavior. The therapist probably expected that if Melissa was not able to repeatedly check the locks and nothing bad happened, eventually Melissa would not need to continue locking her car repeatedly.

Manic episodes

States of continuous elation that are out of proportion to the setting, and can include irritability, very high and sustained levels of energy, and an "expansive" mood

Delusions

Strange or false beliefs that a person firmly maintains even when presented with evidence to the contrary.

Panic attack

Sudden, extreme fear or discomfort that escalates quickly, often with no obvious trigger, and includes symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, lightheadedness, and fear of dying

People suffering from taijin kyofu tend to worry more about embarrassing others than they do about being embarrassed themselves. Yet in Western cultures, the opposite is true. What characteristics of the two cultures might lead to these differences in the expression of anxiety?

Taijin kyofu tends to occur in collectivist societies, where great emphasis is placed on the surrounding people, which might lead individuals from these societies to become overly concerned about making someone else feel uncomfortable. Collectivist cultures value social harmony over individual needs, so if you cause someone to be uncomfortable, that is worse than personal humiliation you might feel. Western cultures are more individualistic. People from these societies are much more afraid of embarrassing themselves than they are of embarrassing someone else. They tend to value their own feelings over those of others.

DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Abnormal psychology

The academic field devoted to the study of psychological disorders

Describe the similarities and differences between dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder.

The commonality in this group of disorders is dissociation, or disturbance in the normally unified experience of psychological functions involved in memory, consciousness, perception, or identity. Dissociative identity disorder is a psychological disorder that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within one individual, whereas dissociative amnesia is a psychological disorder that includes a lack of ability to remember important personal information and memories. Both disorders interfere with relationships, memory, work, and other important areas of life.

The classification and diagnosis of psychological disorders have been criticized for

The creation of labeling and expectations

Comorbidity

The occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time

A behaviorist might propose that you acquire a phobia through ______________, but the maintenance of that phobia could be the result of ____________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Evidence suggests there is a ___________ basis for OCD. If a first-degree relative has an OCD diagnosis, a person's risk of developing the same disorder is twice as high as someone whose first-degree relatives do not have the disorder.

genetic

Melissa is sleeping too much, she feels tired all of the time, and has been avoiding activities she used to enjoy. Which of the following best describes what Melissa may be experiencing?

major depressive disorder

Ross described going for 4 days straight without sleeping at all, or 2 weeks in a row sleeping only 1 hour per night. He was exploding with energy, supercharged with confidence, and feeling on top of the world. It is likely that Ross was experiencing periods of euphoria and excitement, which can best be described as:

manic episodes

One common approach to explaining the etiology of psychological disorders is the __________, which implies that psychological disorders have underlying biological causes, such as genes, neurochemical imbalances, and problems in the brain

medical model

Someone with a diagnosis of panic disorder will experience unexpected and recurrent:

panic attacks

What neurotransmitters are associated with the cause and course of major depressive disorder?

serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

The personality disorders include impairments concerning

the self and interpersonal relationships.

What are some biopsychosocial factors that contribute to the development of schizophrenia?

the self and interpersonal relationships.