chapter 13

Christianity

Religion shaped Confederate nationalism and identity, with Southerners' belief that the Confederacy was fulfilling God's will, prompting Confederate leaders to invoke what in their founding document

Constitutional Union Party

Republicans nominated Illinois Senator Abraham Lincoln to run for president in 1860 against multiple party candidates, including Tennessee Senator John Bell, who led what newly formed political party, which was comprised of former Whigs and some Southern Democrats

prostitutes

Some women supported the war effort on behalf of the Union of the Confederacy by spying on the enemy, while women in in New Orleans showed their scorn for the enemy in 1862 by dumping their chamber pots onto the heads of Union soldiers standing beneath their balconies, prompting General Benjamin Butler to issue General Order Number 28, which arrested all rebellious women as what

Virginia

All future Confederate states, except what Southern state, excluded Lincoln's name from their 1860 presidential election ballots, given that the Republican platform prohibited slavery's expansion in future Western states

United States Colored Troops

Although most black soldiers were stationed behind the lines as garrison forces and often performed non-combat duties, soldiers of what military unit performed admirably on battlefield, with back troops fighting in over 400 battles, and in turn, laying a foundation for citizenship through their voluntary service, battle field contributions, and death

War Camps

Although some female nurses, camp followers, and women who disguised themselves as men to fight in the war lived in what, life in these camps was overwhelmingly male, with soldiers drinking liquor, smoking tobacco, gambling, and swearing, which citizens feared would be morally corruptive?

widows

Ca. 200,000 white women became what as a result of the Civil War, with the death of a husband and the accompanying loss of financial, physical, and emotional support shattering many lives, while also freeing women from bad marriages, and opening doors to financial and psychological independence

germ theory

Civil War medicine focused on curing rather than prevention, with many soldiers unsuccessfully trying to cure themselves by concocting plant-based homes remedies without knowledge of what theory, resulting in dysentery and diarrhea, which weakened their immune systems

Alexander Stephens

Confederates embraced a nationalistic ideology based on slavery, with what Confederate Vice President claiming in his Cornerstone Speech that the Confederate Vice President claiming in his Cornerstone Speech that the Confederacy rested on "...the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery... is the natural and normal condition"

greenback

During the Civil War, Congress passed the Homestead, Land-Grant College, and Pacific Railroad Acts;the Federal government laid the groundwork for a nationally controlled currency system, called what; and created banks with national features, which were all pivotal in expanding and evolving the federal government, industry, and political parties into post-war period

Bread riots

Food shortages in spring 1863 led to many what in Confederate cities, including Richmond, Augusta, and Macon, with many Confederate women leading mobs in protest of food shortages and inflation

Battle of Shiloh

In February 1862, Union General Ulysses S. Grant captured Confederate Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in the Western Theater, where Union and Confederate forces fought over control of rivers, and where what deadly battle was fought along the Tennessee River in April 1862, resulting in Union victory and ca. 23,000 casualties

First Confiscation Act

In May 1861, General Benjamin Butler accepted fugitive slaves, asserting that runaway slaves were contraband of war, and as such, he had a right to seize them, with Congress affirming Butler's policy in summer 1861 by passing what act, which put runaway slaves in limbo, for slaves who escaped to the Union were not free U.S. citizens

Charleston

Lincoln declared secession legally void, and voiced his intention not to invade the South; yet, he would use force to maintain possession of federal property within seceded states, a promise Lincoln met when Union forces hello Fort Sumter in what Southern city in April 1861, which set the U.S. Civil War in motion

Kentucky

Lincoln readily won the 1864 presidential election, crushing McClellan in the popular vote, earning 212 out of a total of 233 electoral votes, and winning 22 states, while McClellan only carried New Jersey, Delaware, and what other state

manual labor

Many slaves were coerced into accompanying their masters in the Confederate army, serving as camp servants, cooking meals, raising tents, and carrying supplies, while the Confederacy impressed slaves to perform what

germ theory

Medical surgery was limited and brutal, with soldiers who had an injured limb amputated within 49 hours of injury enjoying the highest chance of survival; yet, the lack of knowledge of what theory resulted in many insane practices, such as using the same tools on multiple patients, wiping hands on soiled gowns, and placing hands in communal buckets of water?

disease

Men died from combat, in prisoner of war camps, and from what, which accounted for over 50% of all Civil War casualties, with soldiers from rural areas more often succumbing to tuberculosis, measles, rheumatism, typhoid, malaria, and smallpox than soldiers form cities

Anaconda Plan

The Union adopted General-in-Chief Winfield Scott's plan to suppress the rebellion, called what, which invoked the strategy of strangling the Confederacy by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways using a naval blockade, while ground troops entered the interior

New Orleans

The Union capture of what Southern City in April 1862 constituted a decisive blow to the Confederacy, and capped Union success in the Western Theater by spring 1862

eleven

The assault on Fort Sumter in April 1861 and a federal call for troops convinced many Upper South states to join the Confederacy, with a total of how many states renouncing their allegiance to the U.S., with some Southerners framing their defense of slavery as a preservation of states' rights

Richmond

Union Commander George McClellan and his 120,000-man Army of the Potomac tried to swing around Rebel forces to enter what Southern city; yet, McClellan consistently overestimated Confederate numbers, and his cautious approach resulted in confederate victory on the outskirts of the city

Battle of Fredericksburg

Union and Confederate forces clashed in Virginia in December 1862 in what battle, which resulted in a Confederate victory and staggering Union casualties

Vicksburg

Union forces moved along the Mississippi River in the West, where General Grant launched a campaign against what city in Mississippi that ended with the city's surrender in July 1863, which split the Confederacy in half

Virginia

With General Grant's dogged pursuit of the Army of Northern Virginia, General Lee surrendered his army to Grant in Appomattox Court House in what U.S. state on April 9, 1865, which ended major Confederate military operations, and in turn, the Civil War