Chapter 13

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Cold War

1945-1991 Eastern Europe dominated by Soviet Union

Europe forests

80% 2/3 removed cities and farms illegal logging, cutting, and mining

Slavic settlement

Balkan Peninsula resist invasions AD 400s-500s independent states east of Balkan Peninsula- invasions from Mongols in 1200s forests and plains north of Caucasus Mts. settled

Adriatic Sea

Balkan Peninsula and Italian Peninsula fish primary mode to import and export goods

ethnic cleansing affected groups

Bosnia Croats and Bosnia Muslims

Transylvanian Peninsula

Carpathian Mts inhabitants depend on agriculture and forestry from this area for income

1994

Convention for Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution turkey russia romania ukraine georgia

Oder River

Czech Republic Baltic Sea border between Germany and Poland highway system linking industrialized ports onto Baltic Sea-crucial to Poland economy

EU members

Czech Republic Hungary Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Slovakia Slovenia Bulgaria Romania

Bialowezia Forest

E Poland and W Belarus tallest trees in europe (100+ years) wolves, lynx, European bison

Cold War economy

East Europe traded with Soviet Union

Roma

Indo-European lang. origin north India migrants

Slavs

Indo-European ppl from asia defined by lang. west: Poles Czechs Slovaks south: Serbs Croats Slovenes Macedonians

2008

Kosovo declared independence from Serbia

Adriatic climate

Mediterranean climate scrubland with woodlands and some forests olives and grapes

Tara River canyon

Montenegro Durmitor National Park wild river deepest gorges hiking and tourism

2006

Montenegro declared independence from Serbia

"Baltic gold"

Poland amber transported on Amber Route from Baltic Sea to Adriatic Coast

black triangle

Poland, east Germany, Czech Republic burning coal as power source Communist poor developed plan air pollution, soil & water pollution to sites and forests respiratory disease and cancer

AD 106

Romans conquered lands bwteeen Danube river and Carpathian Mts and named area Romania

Hungarian Plain

SE Hungary to E Croatia to N Serbia to W Romania farmers- grains, fruit, vegetables livestock along Danube River

1990s ethnic and religious problems

Serbs w/ Croats and Bosnians violence Eastern Orthodox Christian and Islam Roman Catholicism and Judaism

Carpathian Mts

Slovakia to Romania east of Swiss Alps; less compact than Swiss Alps mts separated by large basins water into Black Sea scattered population

Dinaric Alps

Slovenia Croatia Bosnia Macedonia Albania Montenegro parallel to Adriatic coast (Dalmatian coast)

1991

Slovenia Croatia Bosnia Macedonia seceded from Yugoslavia due to nationalist protests and financial crisis that led to new ethnic based countries leaving Montenegro & Serbia

buffer zone

Soviet used East europe to separate soviet union from western countries military protection differences in social, economic, political development b/w east and west

coal pollution

acid rain

reforestation

action of renewing forest cover (as by natural seeding or by the artificial planting of seeds or young trees)

acid rain

affects forests, lakes, rivers fish and aquatic life endangered and extinct b/c acid rain and meltwater

Mediterranean climate countries economy

agriculture serbia Bulgaria Croatia macedonia Bosnia Montenegro olives, fruits, dates, citrus, grapes

Eastern Europe mineral resources

bauxite and aluminum

North of Carpathian Mts. landscpe

broad, extensive plains lowlands dominate Poland and Baltic countries; part of North European Plain Elbe, Oder, Vistula rivers

Dinaric Alps wind

cold dry continental air, cooling Croatia cities

Yugoslavia

combined many ethnic groups in land that had been contested b/w Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire reversed Balkanization 8 countries after 20 years share 13 basin rivers

Main River

connected to Danube by Main-Danube Canal Rhine tributary 1992-30 years of construction hydroelectric power (Germany)

Meditteranean Sea

connects to Atlantic Ocean trade link for Europe and world

Baltic Sea and North European Plain region climate

continental climate baltic- evergreen NEP- evergreens and deciduous

Balkanization

division of a region into smaller regions

Mountains

dominate in south (Europe's Alpine system-Alps) Carpathian (Slovakia) Balkan (Bulgaria) Dinaric Alps (coast) ^ extension of Swiss Alps (east)

Cold war factor

east europe communist west europe democracy

After world war 2

east europe under soviet union control communist

Romania empire info

eastern Roman Empire then Byzantine Empire after fall of Rome

Balkan Peninsula

easternmost of Europe's 3 peninsulas rugged landscape deep snow in winter hard to travel over land

Balkan Mts

extension of Alpine Carpathian ranges land divide b/w human transits; Danube River (north) and Maritsa River (south) people settle near rivers and seas to avoid mts barrier b/w continental climate (Danube north) and transitional climate (south)

Byzantine Empire

fell in 1453 to Ottoman Turks

Poland population

fertile soil ample water supply large population

Black Sea resource

fish most important

economy east europe

fishing coal low cost manufacturing of electronic products automobile tourism international investors attracted because low labor cost and high education level

Dinaric Alps economic activities

forestry and mining

cradle to the grave

healthcare system lower birthrate and higher aging ppl affected market economy

illegal logging

high cost of electricity burn wood for heat air pollutions loss in biodiversity provides jobs for people

East Europe climate

humid continental cold, snowy winters hot summers midlatitudes

Black Sea climate

humid continental and subtropical

North Adriatic climate

humid subtropical climate prairies inland grasslands evergreen and deciduous forests overfishing led to fish restricted in area (endangered)

Latvia

hydroelectricity power

1900s

industrialization to urbanization

Black Sea

inland sea on east coast of Balkan Peninsula and links Europe to Asia channel connects Black Sea to Meditterean Sea

World War 2 aftereffect

internal and external migration political and economical issues population decline

Adriatic coast (Dalmatian coast)

karst topography

Vistula River

largest in Poland S to N into Baltic Sea Warsaw on bank of river connected by canal to Oder River

Montenegro

least populous in East Europe Dalmatian coast jagged coastline of narrow plains with rugged limestone mountains and plateaus Podgorica-capital; Adriatic Sea

Main-Danube Canal

links North Sea and NW Europe with E Europe and Black Sea transports goods both ways (iron, ores, food and animal feed, metals, fertilizers tourism impacts economic importance

Baltic Sea

main Europe to Scandinavian Peninsula trade route for importing coal, oil and exporting minerals, timber, wood products

Eastern Europe landscape

mountains and plains

Carpathian Mts resources

natural gas oil coal

Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire

new map for ethnicity, population, politics, economic strengths

EE economy managing

outdate mining need modern technology environment sustainability education cooperation

Romania

petroleum reserves Danube River for hydroelectricity plants (1/3 of electricity from plants)

International Maritime Organization IMO

prevent sea pollution in Baltic and Black Sea ban dolphin fishing and industrial waste in Black Sea

WWF

prevents pollutants in Danube and Vistula illegal logging overfishing protection for plants and animals Danube-Carpathian region

market economy issues

production consumption Slovenia prospered with Germany Macedonia went down because so close to west countries

communication and transportation

railway airway highway trade tourism waterway internet

shatter belt

region where political alliances are constantly splintering and fracturing based on ethnicity interstate wars internal conflicts in civil wars

Helsinki Convention for the Protection of Marine Environment

regulated agricultural runoff in shared marine ecosystem Baltic Sea

outdated mining

release mine dranage pollution into lakes and rivers

important to economy

rivers

Ottoman Empire

ruled south Eastern Europe until World War 1

Danube River

second largest in Europe boundary for empires; frontier for Roman Empire vital role in settlement and development Black Forest in Germany to Black Sea; 9 countries divides Budapest into Buda and Pest international waterway/commercial highway-economic development

lowlands in East Europe

small plains and deltas formed by deposits of rock fragments and particles carried down by rivers that erode mountains

1970s & 1980s

smokestacks for pollution away from industrial sites but spread more air pollution

limestone in karst

soluble rock that dissolves by organic acids in groundwater-creating depressions and holes in earth

Danube Region

south of NEP contains Carpathian and Balkan Mts with Hungarian Plain continental climate

basin NE of Black Sea

steppe climate (semi arid)

karst

terrain dominated by limestone bedrock sculpted into rocky columns and steep sided cliffs and characterized by rocky ground, caves, sinkholes, underground rivers, and the absence of surface lakes and streams

ethnic cleansing

the expelling from a country or genocide of an ethnic group

Poland

vast coal natural gas iron zinc lead sopper small amounts of silver

meltwater

water formed by melted snow or ice

agricultural pollution

water moves and collects pesticides and fertilizers agricultural runoff deposits pollutants and harms Vistula and Danube River

continental climate countries economy

wheat rye grains livestock


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