Chapter 13
Cold War
1945-1991 Eastern Europe dominated by Soviet Union
Europe forests
80% 2/3 removed cities and farms illegal logging, cutting, and mining
Slavic settlement
Balkan Peninsula resist invasions AD 400s-500s independent states east of Balkan Peninsula- invasions from Mongols in 1200s forests and plains north of Caucasus Mts. settled
Adriatic Sea
Balkan Peninsula and Italian Peninsula fish primary mode to import and export goods
ethnic cleansing affected groups
Bosnia Croats and Bosnia Muslims
Transylvanian Peninsula
Carpathian Mts inhabitants depend on agriculture and forestry from this area for income
1994
Convention for Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution turkey russia romania ukraine georgia
Oder River
Czech Republic Baltic Sea border between Germany and Poland highway system linking industrialized ports onto Baltic Sea-crucial to Poland economy
EU members
Czech Republic Hungary Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Slovakia Slovenia Bulgaria Romania
Bialowezia Forest
E Poland and W Belarus tallest trees in europe (100+ years) wolves, lynx, European bison
Cold War economy
East Europe traded with Soviet Union
Roma
Indo-European lang. origin north India migrants
Slavs
Indo-European ppl from asia defined by lang. west: Poles Czechs Slovaks south: Serbs Croats Slovenes Macedonians
2008
Kosovo declared independence from Serbia
Adriatic climate
Mediterranean climate scrubland with woodlands and some forests olives and grapes
Tara River canyon
Montenegro Durmitor National Park wild river deepest gorges hiking and tourism
2006
Montenegro declared independence from Serbia
"Baltic gold"
Poland amber transported on Amber Route from Baltic Sea to Adriatic Coast
black triangle
Poland, east Germany, Czech Republic burning coal as power source Communist poor developed plan air pollution, soil & water pollution to sites and forests respiratory disease and cancer
AD 106
Romans conquered lands bwteeen Danube river and Carpathian Mts and named area Romania
Hungarian Plain
SE Hungary to E Croatia to N Serbia to W Romania farmers- grains, fruit, vegetables livestock along Danube River
1990s ethnic and religious problems
Serbs w/ Croats and Bosnians violence Eastern Orthodox Christian and Islam Roman Catholicism and Judaism
Carpathian Mts
Slovakia to Romania east of Swiss Alps; less compact than Swiss Alps mts separated by large basins water into Black Sea scattered population
Dinaric Alps
Slovenia Croatia Bosnia Macedonia Albania Montenegro parallel to Adriatic coast (Dalmatian coast)
1991
Slovenia Croatia Bosnia Macedonia seceded from Yugoslavia due to nationalist protests and financial crisis that led to new ethnic based countries leaving Montenegro & Serbia
buffer zone
Soviet used East europe to separate soviet union from western countries military protection differences in social, economic, political development b/w east and west
coal pollution
acid rain
reforestation
action of renewing forest cover (as by natural seeding or by the artificial planting of seeds or young trees)
acid rain
affects forests, lakes, rivers fish and aquatic life endangered and extinct b/c acid rain and meltwater
Mediterranean climate countries economy
agriculture serbia Bulgaria Croatia macedonia Bosnia Montenegro olives, fruits, dates, citrus, grapes
Eastern Europe mineral resources
bauxite and aluminum
North of Carpathian Mts. landscpe
broad, extensive plains lowlands dominate Poland and Baltic countries; part of North European Plain Elbe, Oder, Vistula rivers
Dinaric Alps wind
cold dry continental air, cooling Croatia cities
Yugoslavia
combined many ethnic groups in land that had been contested b/w Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire reversed Balkanization 8 countries after 20 years share 13 basin rivers
Main River
connected to Danube by Main-Danube Canal Rhine tributary 1992-30 years of construction hydroelectric power (Germany)
Meditteranean Sea
connects to Atlantic Ocean trade link for Europe and world
Baltic Sea and North European Plain region climate
continental climate baltic- evergreen NEP- evergreens and deciduous
Balkanization
division of a region into smaller regions
Mountains
dominate in south (Europe's Alpine system-Alps) Carpathian (Slovakia) Balkan (Bulgaria) Dinaric Alps (coast) ^ extension of Swiss Alps (east)
Cold war factor
east europe communist west europe democracy
After world war 2
east europe under soviet union control communist
Romania empire info
eastern Roman Empire then Byzantine Empire after fall of Rome
Balkan Peninsula
easternmost of Europe's 3 peninsulas rugged landscape deep snow in winter hard to travel over land
Balkan Mts
extension of Alpine Carpathian ranges land divide b/w human transits; Danube River (north) and Maritsa River (south) people settle near rivers and seas to avoid mts barrier b/w continental climate (Danube north) and transitional climate (south)
Byzantine Empire
fell in 1453 to Ottoman Turks
Poland population
fertile soil ample water supply large population
Black Sea resource
fish most important
economy east europe
fishing coal low cost manufacturing of electronic products automobile tourism international investors attracted because low labor cost and high education level
Dinaric Alps economic activities
forestry and mining
cradle to the grave
healthcare system lower birthrate and higher aging ppl affected market economy
illegal logging
high cost of electricity burn wood for heat air pollutions loss in biodiversity provides jobs for people
East Europe climate
humid continental cold, snowy winters hot summers midlatitudes
Black Sea climate
humid continental and subtropical
North Adriatic climate
humid subtropical climate prairies inland grasslands evergreen and deciduous forests overfishing led to fish restricted in area (endangered)
Latvia
hydroelectricity power
1900s
industrialization to urbanization
Black Sea
inland sea on east coast of Balkan Peninsula and links Europe to Asia channel connects Black Sea to Meditterean Sea
World War 2 aftereffect
internal and external migration political and economical issues population decline
Adriatic coast (Dalmatian coast)
karst topography
Vistula River
largest in Poland S to N into Baltic Sea Warsaw on bank of river connected by canal to Oder River
Montenegro
least populous in East Europe Dalmatian coast jagged coastline of narrow plains with rugged limestone mountains and plateaus Podgorica-capital; Adriatic Sea
Main-Danube Canal
links North Sea and NW Europe with E Europe and Black Sea transports goods both ways (iron, ores, food and animal feed, metals, fertilizers tourism impacts economic importance
Baltic Sea
main Europe to Scandinavian Peninsula trade route for importing coal, oil and exporting minerals, timber, wood products
Eastern Europe landscape
mountains and plains
Carpathian Mts resources
natural gas oil coal
Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire
new map for ethnicity, population, politics, economic strengths
EE economy managing
outdate mining need modern technology environment sustainability education cooperation
Romania
petroleum reserves Danube River for hydroelectricity plants (1/3 of electricity from plants)
International Maritime Organization IMO
prevent sea pollution in Baltic and Black Sea ban dolphin fishing and industrial waste in Black Sea
WWF
prevents pollutants in Danube and Vistula illegal logging overfishing protection for plants and animals Danube-Carpathian region
market economy issues
production consumption Slovenia prospered with Germany Macedonia went down because so close to west countries
communication and transportation
railway airway highway trade tourism waterway internet
shatter belt
region where political alliances are constantly splintering and fracturing based on ethnicity interstate wars internal conflicts in civil wars
Helsinki Convention for the Protection of Marine Environment
regulated agricultural runoff in shared marine ecosystem Baltic Sea
outdated mining
release mine dranage pollution into lakes and rivers
important to economy
rivers
Ottoman Empire
ruled south Eastern Europe until World War 1
Danube River
second largest in Europe boundary for empires; frontier for Roman Empire vital role in settlement and development Black Forest in Germany to Black Sea; 9 countries divides Budapest into Buda and Pest international waterway/commercial highway-economic development
lowlands in East Europe
small plains and deltas formed by deposits of rock fragments and particles carried down by rivers that erode mountains
1970s & 1980s
smokestacks for pollution away from industrial sites but spread more air pollution
limestone in karst
soluble rock that dissolves by organic acids in groundwater-creating depressions and holes in earth
Danube Region
south of NEP contains Carpathian and Balkan Mts with Hungarian Plain continental climate
basin NE of Black Sea
steppe climate (semi arid)
karst
terrain dominated by limestone bedrock sculpted into rocky columns and steep sided cliffs and characterized by rocky ground, caves, sinkholes, underground rivers, and the absence of surface lakes and streams
ethnic cleansing
the expelling from a country or genocide of an ethnic group
Poland
vast coal natural gas iron zinc lead sopper small amounts of silver
meltwater
water formed by melted snow or ice
agricultural pollution
water moves and collects pesticides and fertilizers agricultural runoff deposits pollutants and harms Vistula and Danube River
continental climate countries economy
wheat rye grains livestock
