Chapter 14 inquizitive

Identify how tumultuous events in Europe before the Peace of Westphalia affected the demand for African slaves in the Americas.

"Deaths from bubonic plague and religious warfare reduced available European labor, increasing planters' demand for African slaves."

Identify the events during the Thirty Years' War that demonstrated political expediency, rather than religious unity

-France funded and joined the Swedish military effort against the Habsburgs. -Bohemians, Austrian elites, and Ottoman forces attempted to defeat Ferdinand's forces. Extra info Lutherans were one of several sects of Protestants. This alliance showed religious unity, though (of course) other elements were at work as well Both Habsburg crowns were Catholic.

Identify the factors that enabled French power to grow during this period.

-France was agriculturally self-sufficient. -The French government's support of luxury items helped create a dynamic economy. -French national identity was connected to the king.

Identify the monarchies that gained power and prestige between 1550 and the end of the Thirty Years' War.

-French crown-pg 381 -Swedish crown -English crown Extra info By the end of the Thirty Years' War, Spain had lost territory, military might, and economic prestige. After the uprising of 1565, England defeated and colonized Ireland.

Identify the philosophers who argued in favor of extremely strong state power for practical, rather than religious, reasons.

-Jean Bodin (France) -Thomas Hobbes (England) Extra info: Pascal argued in favor of complete faith in God and Catholicism. Though this had implications for governments connected closely to Catholicism, it is not a political argument

Identify how the price revolution contributed to European political instability.

-Monarchs had to raise taxes to meet military needs, angering many of their subjects. -Financiers, merchants, and other growing middle classes challenged monarchs. *This was evident in both the Dutch rebellion against Spanish rule and the English Civil War. Extra info: Correct Native American conscripted laborers and European indentured servants met different labor needs in differing geographic areas. Catholic France, Protestant England, and the Protestant Netherlands all gained prestige in this period, while Catholic Spain lost power.

Identify the broad effects of the following European events.

-Protestants were prohibited from settling Québec. *Richelieu reduced the privileges of Huguenots pg 385 -Colonial leaders became more independent and experimented with models of religious toleration. England experienced civil war, then restored a *weakened monarchy -An innovative global-trade empire linked African slaves, European finance, and Asian spices. *The Dutch Republic gained independence from Spanish rule. .

Identify the monarchies that lost power between 1550 and the end of the Thirty Years' War

-Spanish crown -Austrian crown

Analyze this passage from Montaigne's Essays, written during a period of sectarian violence. But reason has taught me that to condemn a thing thus, dogmatically, as false and impossible, is to assume the advantage of knowing the bounds and limits of God's will and of the power of our mother Nature ... We must either submit completely to the authority of our ecclesiastical government, or do without it completely.

-Stop trying to reform the Catholic Church to fit your own ideas. -There is no way for you to know for certain your religious ideas are right. pg394 Extra info Montaigne accepted the idea that he had no way of knowing if Catholic beliefs and practices were right. Instead, people had to completely accept the Church (or not accept it) based on faith alone Montaigne considered this kind of ideological compromise misguided and counterproductive. He wrote, "But, besides the fact that [Catholics] do not see what an advantage it is to a man charging you for you to begin to give ground and withdraw, and how much that encourages him to pursue his point, those articles which they select as the most trivial are sometimes very important."

Identify the following European conflicts.

-Thirty Years' War (1618-1648 *Europe was engulfed in conflicts after the Holy Roman Empire tried to stop Protestant rebels in Bohemia. -English Civil War (1642-1651) *This conflict between a king and his legislature broke out over civil rights and powers of taxation. -Fronde (1648-1653) This series of civil conflicts began in response to high taxes and increased kingly power. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) *Widespread religious violence was sparked when the Queen Mother had Protestant leaders assassinated.

Identify the factors that led to the decline of Spanish power during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

-inflation -Thirty Years' War

The English Civil War marked a decline in royal power and a rise in the power of the English parliament. Put the events of this conflict in order.

1. When his subjects refused to raise taxes to fund war with Spain, King Charles ignored Parliament and violated his subjects civil rights 2.Rather than negotiate to raise money to defend against a scottish invasion,the kind raised an army and went to war with Parliament-aligned forces 3.Parliamentary forces beat the royalist Cavaliers and established a Calvinist- style church , but disagreed about the role of the king 4.Oliver Cromwell, leader of the radical puritans, took control of Parliament and orchestrated the beheading of King Charles 5.After almost ten years of strict Puritan rule, Charlies II. came to power, restored the Church of england, and acknowledged Parliamentary power

Match the correct order

1.English throne passes from Phillips wife, queen Mary to her protestant half-sister Elizabeth *Philip II was initially in a strategic marriage with the Catholic Queen of England. Her death severed the alliance and signaled a religious shift. 2. Ireland rebels against protestant english rule and phillip supports the irish 3. English merchants encroach on spanish trade in the americas and english privateers attack and plunder spanish trade 4. phillip send the "invincible Armanda" to invade England

By 1660, the once-powerful Spanish Habsburg Empire had been completely dismantled

False Though the Spanish crown lost territory, wealth, and prestige in the Thirty Years' War, the monarchy maintained its European claim on most of the Iberian peninsula and parts of modern Italy. In the Americas, it retained most of South and Central America, a number of Caribbean islands, and western North America.

The Thirty Years' War was a religious conflict that pitted an alliance of Catholic leaders against an alliance of Protestant leaders.

False The Thirty Years' War was a constellation of conflicts over religion, territory, and regional power. Protestant and Catholic powers allied with one another across religious lines when it benefitted them pg 381

How did European political divisions shift between 1526 and 1648?

The Habsburg dynasty controlled less territory. Several provinces broke away from the Holy Roman Empire.

Analyze the passage below from Jesuit Friedrich Spee's 1631 Warnings for Prosecutors: "So, whether she confesses or does not confess, the result is the same. If she confesses ... she is executed: all recantation is in vain ... If she does not confess, the torture is repeated—twice, thrice, four times: anything one pleases is permissible, for in an excepted crime there is no limit of duration or severity or repetition of the tortures." What does this passage reveal about the "witch craze"?

The correct answer is "Some people, including clergy, thought that the trials and executions for witchcraft were inhumane and illogical."

The "Armanda Portrait" of Elizabeth

The power of person at the center of this image is communicated through overt references to the office of the king.

Analyze the excerpt from Grimmelhausen's novel, Simplicissimus. The narrator says, "[the Thirty Years' War] must ... have been sent to us by the goodness of Almighty God for our profit. For, gentle reader, who would ever have taught me that there was a God in Heaven if these soldiers had not destroyed my dad's house, and by such a deed driven me out among folk who gave me all fitting instruction thereupon?"

The soldiers were fighting for personal gain, not for God's glory.

Oliver Cromwell protector of the commonwealth

The symbolism of this image mixes visual metaphors, connecting the leader to republican rule, empire, and heroic feats.

. Identify the inflammatory idea that the Peace of Augsburg promoted.

There should not be religious diversity within a single policy

In 1598, Henry IV brought a measure of sectarian peace to France when he issued the Edict of Nantes. Identify the meaning of the following excerpts from the Edict.

There will be no Protestant services in or near the capital city. Correct label: "It is forbidden ... to perform any function of [Protestantism] in our court or ... in our city of Paris, or within five leagues of the said city ... . There will be no discrimination against students or poor people on the basis of religion. Correct label: " ... there shall be no ... distinction made in respect to ... religion, in receiving pupils to be instructed in ... schools; nor in receiving the sick and poor into hospitals ... " You can't harass Protestants or try to force them to accept Catholicism. Correct label: " ... [ Huguenots may] live and abide in all the cities and places of this our kingdom ... without being annoyed, molested, or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion ... " We're going to pretend all the sectarian violence of the past couple of decades never happened. Correct label: " ... everything done by one party or the other ... during all the preceding period of troubles, remain obliterated and forgotten, as if no such things had ever happened ... "

Identify how common people in cities could have been exposed to a variety of opinions about the power of kings, religious identity, and overseas expansion.

They could have attended a play

Charles I.

This image downplays the symbol of kingship (the crown), instead emphasizing the power and independence of the leader.

Though they disagreed on many other topics, Catholics and Protestants generally agreed on the execution of witches.

True The fear of witches as well as the trials and executions of witches were widespread in Europe and some American colonies. Many thousands of people were executed as a result. pg 392-393

Watch the author video about the reasons for Europe's religious and political instability and its consequences. Complete the passage below to describe religious pluralism in Europe

Whereas the Peace of Augsburg established the idea that subjects had to follow the religion of their prince, the Edict of Nantes established state protections for religious pluralism. Cardinal Richelieu reduced state protections for French Huguenots, but he retained the edict through the Thirty Years' War. Instead of fostering unity based on religious affiliation, France developed a national identity focused on the monarchy