chapter 14

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in

discrimination

the mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.

In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely?

factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually

As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will

fail to notice the older woman's problem.

The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the

foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to

gain social approval.

By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for

group polarization.

If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of

group polarization.

Makato, a 15-year-old high school sophomore, is physically unattractive. Compared with good-looking students, Makato is more likely to

have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers.

Attribution theory was designed to account for

how people explain others' behavior.

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which

individuals share a similar opinion.

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates

ingroup bias.

Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially to those who seem to be

mature

Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to

normative social influence.

Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of

norms.

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called

prejudice

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of

role-playing on attitudes.

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of

scapegoat theory.

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates

social facilitation.

Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates

social loafing.

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as

social loafing.

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called

social scripts.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when

the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."

After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called

the fundamental attribution error.

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of

the just-world phenomenon.

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates

the mere exposure effect

Mr. Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Mr. Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if

the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink?

"We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue. "

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

Cognitive dissonance theory

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?

It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.

Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of ________ tasks.

Simple

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when

an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.

Altruism is best described as

behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates

central route persuasion.

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance.

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of

companionate love.

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as

companionate love.

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of

deindividuation