Chapter 14 Psychology 2

What is a weakness of the social-learning approach to personality?

Self awareness and the development of traits are not adequately explained

According to social-learning theory, people who persist at difficult tasks are more likely to have what internal factor?

Self-efficacy expectations

Why is it likely that a survey found that African American girls are likely to be happier with their appearances than white girls are?

White girls blame themselves for not attaining the media goal

What did Erikson name his first stage?

trust vs mistrust

How would Eysenck describe a melancholic personality type?

sad

The ____________________ approach to personality teaches that all people undergo inner struggles.

Psycho antithetical

According to Freud, what does the ego unconsciously use to avoid recognizing uncomfortable ideas or emotions?

Defense mechanism

B. F. Skinner emphasized the importance of what on behavior?

Reinforcement on behavior

According to Skinner, what forces shape people into wanting some things and not wanting others?

Environmental influences

List the five basic personality factors in the Five-Factor Model.

Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness , emotional stability instability, openness to experience

What do humanistic theories fail to account for

How traits and personality types develop (Limitations)

The ____________________ approach teaches that people shape their personalities through free choice and action.

Humanistic

Freud called the three basic psychological structures he identified the ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

ID, Ego, Superego

Know the three basic psychological structures in the mind Freud identified.

ID, Ego, Superego

Alfred Adler believed most people were motivated by a need to overcome what feeling?

Inferiority

Hans Eysenck focused on the relationships between what two personality dimensions?

Introvert, extrovert, emotional stability, emotional instably

How do sociocultural theorists believe that social and cultural factors impact an individual's self-esteem?

Lower the self of esteem

According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, personality is shaped and learning is acquired by the interaction of what three factors?

Personal factors, behavior, environmental factors

What personality trait does Eysenck place opposite someone who is aggressive, excitable and impulsive?

Phlegmatic

Theorists who focus on the roles of ethnicity, gender, and culture in the formation of personality advocate the ____________________ approach.

Sociocultural psychology

According to studies by Albert Bandura, what happened to children who saw an adult being punished for aggressive behavior?

They would be aggressive to the doll

According to Carl Jung, every person's conscious sense of self can be characterized by what four functions of the mind?

Thinking, feeling, Intuition, sensation

Carl Jung identified a number of ____________________, which he believed were ideas and images of the accumulated human experience.

archetypes

In what key way did Karen Horney's theory differ from that of Freud?

believed that genuine and consistent love could balance painful childhoods.

Carl Jung believed that people have both a personal unconscious storing forgotten or repressed material and a/an ____________________ which stores human concepts shared by all people across all cultures.

collective conscious

Identify the conclusion Gordon Allport made about traits.

concluded that traits are fixed in nervous system and inherited

According to Freud, ____________________ are methods used by the unconscious mind to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions which may cause anxiety, guilt, or shame.

defense mechanism

According to Abraham Maslow, what separates humans from the lower animals?

desire to fulfill potential

Sociocultural psychology focuses on the roles of what factors in forming personality?

ethinicity, gender, and culture

What did Freud believe would likely develop in later life if a child did not resolve conflicts during the anal stage?

excessive the use of self-control

Behaviorists emphasize the effects of what on behavior?

experience on behavior

What does humanistic theory say about freedom of choice?

have it, but responsible for your choices

Which of Freud's ideas is one of the most controversial personality theories?

laybeto

How did Erikson select names for his stages of psychological development?

named them for traits that people might develop each stage

Define personality.

patterns of feeling motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another.

What do the psychologists who helped develop the Five-Factor model believe about people's personalities?

people are born into it

What did Carl Rogers believe about people?

people are conscious architects of our own personalities

What does the psychoanalytic approach to personality teach?

people undergo drives and rules

What is a practical benefit of the work of trait theorists?

seeing the values of matching individuals to jobs on the basis of personality traits

According to humanistic psychology, what is the very core of what we as people are?

self awareness

The needs for social recognition and accomplishment fall into which level of need?

self esteem

Albert Bandura's method of predicting human behavior based on the interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors is called the ____________________ theory.

social cognitive

According to the ____________________, we learn by observation of the behavior around us, including the reinforcements given to the behavior observed.

social learning theory

Which theory places the most importance on individual decisions in personality development?

social learning theory

What did Erik Erikson think are the most important factors in personality development?

social relationships

Hans J. Eysenck focused on the relationships between the introversion-extroversion personality dimension and the _________________________ personality dimension.

stability and instability

According to Carl Jung, what is the collective unconscious?

store of human concepts shared by humans

What is acculturation?

the process of adapting to a new or different culture

List the four basic fluids, or humors, that Hippocrates believed were the basis of personality traits.

yellow, blood, phlegm, black bile