Chapter 14 - The Brain and Cranial Nerves
occipital lobe
After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the. . .
left frontal
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ ________ lobe.
general interpretive area
Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his. . .
medulla oblongata
Cardiovascular centers located in the ________ ________ adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.
arachnoid granulations
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the. . .
lateral and median apertures
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through the. . .
ependymal cells
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by ________ _______.
ventricles
Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called ______.
association
Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.
corpus callosum; left hand
Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the ______ _______ are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to verbally identify an object placed in her _____ ______.
trigeminal
Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb?
hypothalamus
Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?
larger
Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.
posterior hypothalamus
Mamillary bodies are located in the ________ _______.
breasts
Mamillary bodies are shaped like little _________.
eating
Mamillary bodies control reflex _______ movements.
olfactory
Mamillary bodies process ___________ information.
cerebral peduncles
Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the. . .
olfactory bulb
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the. . .
cerebellum
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the. . .
substantia nigra neurons
Parkinson's disease is the result of inadequate production of dopamine by _______ ______ _______.
thalamus
Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the. . .
mandibular branch of the trigeminal
Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ ________ of the ________ nerve.
ependymal
Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.
reticular formation
Stimulation of the _______ _______ results in increased consciousness.
feeding center
Stimulation of the ________ ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.
limbic system
Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?
limbic system
The ______ _____ functions in emotions, learning, and memory.
limbic system
The ______ ______ links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brain stem.
general interpretive area
The ______ _______ ______ allows us to interpret what is read or heard.
cerebrospinal fluid
The _______ ______ acts as a transport medium for waste products.
mamillary bodies
The _______ ______ of the hypothalamus control feeding reflexes.
basal nuclei
The _______ ______ provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking.
tympanic reflex
The _______ ______ restricts the movement of auditory ossicles.
corpora quadrigemina
The ________ ________ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain.
interthalamic adhesion
The ________ ________ connects the two sides of the thalamus.
amygdaloid body
The ________ ________ is located at the tip of the tail of the caudate nucleus.
superior colliculi
The ________ ________ receive visual input from the lateral geniculates.
medial geniculates
The ________ ________ relay auditory information to the auditory cortex.
thalamus
The ________ filters and relays sensory information to cerebral cortex.
pulvinar
The ________ integrate(s) sensory information for projection to the cerebral cortex.
hippocampus
The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.
hypothalamus
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
infundibulum
The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
97%
The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.
limbic system
The anterior nuclei of the thalamus are part of the ______ _______.
temporal lobe
The auditory cortex is located in the. . .
hypothalamus
The blood-brain barrier is absent in portions of the __________.
lipid-soluble compounds
The blood-brain barrier is generally permeable to _______-_______ _________.
internal carotid; vertebral arteries
The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the. ________ _______ and _________ ________. .
tight
The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by ______ junctions.
medulla oblongata
The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the. . .
astrocytes
The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillary endothelial cells are the. . .
vermis
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the. . .
metencephalon
The cerebellum and pons develop from the. . .
ataxia
The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as. . .
parietal lobe
The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the. . .
nutrients
The cerebrospinal fluid acts as a transport medium for ________.
buoyant support
The cerebrospinal fluid provides _______ _______ for the brain.
neural tissues
The cerebrospinal fluid provides cushioning for delicate _______ _______.
500 mL/day
The choroid plexus produces CSF at a rate of about. . .
lentiform nucleus
The putamen and globus pallidus are frequently considered to be subdivisions of the. . .
inferior colliculi
The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this?
prefrontal cerebral cortex
The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the. . .
insula
The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the. . .
parietal; frontal
The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the _______ and ________ lobes.
red nuclei
The regions of the mesencephalon that issue subconscious motor commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone are the. . .
medulla oblongata
The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the. . .
insula; frontal lobe
The sense of taste projects to the gustatory cortex located in the ________ and ________ ________.
primary sensory
The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ ________ cortex.
superior and inferior colliculi
The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the. . .
decussation
The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is ________.
septum pellucidum
The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the. . .
cerebral aqueduct
The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the. . .
middle cerebellar peduncle
The tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the. . .
pons
The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the. . .
longitudinal fissure
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the. . .
fourth
The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the. . .
occipital lobe
The visual cortex is located in the. . .
septum pullicidum
The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the ________ ________.
arbor vitae
The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the ________ ________.
arbor vitae
The white matter of the cerebellum forms the. . .
corpus callosum
The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the ________ ________.
12
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.
maxillary; mandibular
Tic douloureux is a disorder of the ________ and ________ branches of nerve V.
trigeminal neuralgia
Tic douloureux is also called __________ ________.
pain
Tic douloureux is characterized by almost totally debilitating _______.
superior sagittal sinus
To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the ________ ________ ________.
falx cerebri
Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the ________ ________.
drives
Unfocused "impressions" such as thirst originating in the hypothalamus are known as ________.
sulfadiazine
What antibiotic enters the CNS without difficulty because it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier?
subarachnoid space
What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?
cerebrospinal fluid
What is produced by the structure labeled "2"?
eye movement
What is the function of the nerve labeled "10"?
hearing and balance
What is the function of the nerve labeled "4"?
visceral sensation and motor control
What is the function of the nerve labeled "5"?
olfaction
What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?
diencephalon
What lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?
pia mater
What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain?
X
Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?
E
Which of the following help to protect the brain? A) the blood-brain barrier B) the bones of the skull C) the cranial meninges D) the CSF E) All of the answers are correct.
E
Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus? A) produces ADH B) controls autonomic centers C) regulates body temperature D) secretes oxytocin E) All of the answers are correct.
C
Which of the following is a function of the thalamus? A) secrete cerebrospinal fluid B) secrete melatonin C) process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum D) store memories E) regulate food intake
C
Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? A) amygdaloid body B) cingulate gyrus C) globus pallidus D) hippocampus E) fornix
conscious; unconscious
Higher-order functions combine both ________ and ________ information processing.
cortex
Higher-order functions involve complex interactions among areas of the ________.
cerebrum
Higher-order functions occur in the ________.
trigeminal
Identify the nerve labeled "11."
facial
Identify the nerve labeled "12."
abducens
Identify the nerve labeled "3."
choroid plexus
Identify the structure labeled "1."
central canal
Identify the structure labeled "10."
aqueduct of midbrain
Identify the structure labeled "3."
lateral aperture
Identify the structure labeled "4."
subarachnoid space
Identify the structure labeled "6."
dura mater
Identify the structure labeled "7."
arachnoid granulation
Identify the structure labeled "8."
optic chiasm
Identify the structure labeled "8."
infundibulum
Identify the structure labeled "9."
superior sagittal sinus
Identify the structure labeled "9."
corpus callosum
If the ______ ________ is surgically cut, objects touched by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified.
left side
If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the _____ ______.
disconnection syndrome
If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, symptoms of the "________ ________" appear.
independently
If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, the two cerebral hemispheres operate __________.
choroid plexus
In each ventricle is a blood vessel called the ________ ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.
left
In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in the ________ cerebral hemisphere.
E
Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes are restricted to either the left or the right hemisphere. These complex processes include A) speech. B) writing. C) mathematical computation. D) understanding spatial relationships. E) All of the answers are correct.
cerebrum
A neural cortex is found on the surface of the. . .
hypoglossal
A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?
dyslexia
A person who has difficulty comprehending and using written language suffers from the disorder known as ________.
visual association
A person with a damaged _______ _______ area may be able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.
corneal
A reflex that is used to assess the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is the ________ reflex.
fornix
A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the. . .
electroencephalogram
A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.
seizure
A(n) ________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior.
diffusion
As CSF circulates, ________ between it and the interstitial fluid of the CNS is unrestricted between and across the ependyma.
more complex
As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become. . .
optic chiasm
At the ______ ______ axons from the nasal halves of each retina cross.
medulla oblongata
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the. . .
premotor cortex
Damage to the ______ _______ of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to play the piano.
preoptic
Damage to the ______ area of the hypothalamus leads to reduced ability to regulate body temperature.
superior colliculi
Damage to the _______ _______ would interfere with the reflex ability to react to a bright light.
corpora quadrigemina
Damage to the _______ ________ would interfere with visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck.
voluntary motor activity
Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect. . .
Parkinson's disease
Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of. . .
prefrontal cortex
Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to. the. . .
glossopharyngeal and vagus
Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?
lobes
Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are. . .
oculomotor
Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.
telencephalon
During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum?
interventricular foramen
Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through a(n). . .
cerebral spinal fluid
Ependymal cells work to adjust the composition of ________ ________ _______.
waste products
Ependymal cells work to remove ______ _______ from CSF.
choroid plexus
Ependymal cells work to surround the capillaries of the _________ ________.
substantia nigra
Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the. . .
increased muscle tone
Excitation of neurons in the basal nuclei would lead to. . .
cranial nerve IX
Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of:
medulla oblongata
The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the. . .
commissural fibers
The corpus callosum is composed of. . .
trigeminal
The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the. . .
III, IV, VI
The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are. . .
falx cerebri
The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the. . .
dural folds
The dural sinuses are located in the. . .
diencephalon
The epithalamus forms the roof _________.
hypothalamus
The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the. . .
gyri
The folds of the cerebrum are called ________.
folia
The folds of the surface of the cerebellum are called ________.
dominant
The hemisphere of the brain that performs analytical tasks is called the ________ hemisphere.
cerebrum
The highest levels of information processing occur in the. . .
projection fibers
The internal capsule of the cerebrum is composed of. . .
pia mater
The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the. . .
cerebral; diencephalic
The limbic system contains ______ and _______ components.
cerebrum; diencephalon
The limbic system is located between the border of the _______ and ________.
hypothalamus; frontal lobe
The medial nuclei of the thalamus connect emotional centers in the _________ with the ______ ______.
blood pressure; respiration.
The medulla oblongata regulates ______ _______ and _________.
inferior colliculi
The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the. . .
brain stem
The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the ________ ________.
reticular activating system
The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________ ________ ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.
gracilis; cuneatus
The nucleus ________ and nucleus ________ are in the medulla and relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus.
olfaction
The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is. . .
optic chiasm
The optic nerve crosses at the ________ ________.
lateral geniculates
The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the. . .
interventricular foramen
The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the ________ ________.
lateral; medial geniculate
The posterior nuclei of the thalamus include(s) the ______ and ______ ______ nuclei.
cerebellar cortex
The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the. . .
precentral gyrus
The primary motor cortex is the surface of the. . .
C
Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve? A) loss of the sense of taste B) tooth pain C) weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle D) lack of facial expression E) dry mouth from lack of saliva
C
Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain? A) cerebrum B) diencephalon C) prosencephalon D) midbrain E) pons
hearing and equilibrium
Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?
basal nuclei
Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the. . .
smell his food
You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to
Tic douloureux
______ _______ is a disorder triggered by contact with the lip, tongue, or gums.
Ependymal cells
______ _______ work to secrete CSF into the ventricles.
Higher-order
_______-________ functions can be adjusted over time based on experience.
Bell's palsy
________ ________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.
Integrative
________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.
Aphasia
________ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.
Astrocytes
_________ surround the CNS capillaries of the blood-brain barrier.
Hydrocephalus
__________ or "water on the brain" may result from blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production.
