Chapter 14 - The Brain and Cranial Nerves

occipital lobe

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the. . .

left frontal

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ ________ lobe.

general interpretive area

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his. . .

medulla oblongata

Cardiovascular centers located in the ________ ________ adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.

arachnoid granulations

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the. . .

lateral and median apertures

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through the. . .

ependymal cells

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by ________ _______.

ventricles

Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called ______.

association

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.

corpus callosum; left hand

Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the ______ _______ are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to verbally identify an object placed in her _____ ______.

trigeminal

Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb?

hypothalamus

Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?

larger

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.

posterior hypothalamus

Mamillary bodies are located in the ________ _______.

breasts

Mamillary bodies are shaped like little _________.

eating

Mamillary bodies control reflex _______ movements.

olfactory

Mamillary bodies process ___________ information.

cerebral peduncles

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the. . .

olfactory bulb

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the. . .

cerebellum

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the. . .

substantia nigra neurons

Parkinson's disease is the result of inadequate production of dopamine by _______ ______ _______.

thalamus

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the. . .

mandibular branch of the trigeminal

Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ ________ of the ________ nerve.

ependymal

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.

reticular formation

Stimulation of the _______ _______ results in increased consciousness.

feeding center

Stimulation of the ________ ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.

limbic system

Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?

limbic system

The ______ _____ functions in emotions, learning, and memory.

limbic system

The ______ ______ links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brain stem.

general interpretive area

The ______ _______ ______ allows us to interpret what is read or heard.

cerebrospinal fluid

The _______ ______ acts as a transport medium for waste products.

mamillary bodies

The _______ ______ of the hypothalamus control feeding reflexes.

basal nuclei

The _______ ______ provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking.

tympanic reflex

The _______ ______ restricts the movement of auditory ossicles.

corpora quadrigemina

The ________ ________ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain.

interthalamic adhesion

The ________ ________ connects the two sides of the thalamus.

amygdaloid body

The ________ ________ is located at the tip of the tail of the caudate nucleus.

superior colliculi

The ________ ________ receive visual input from the lateral geniculates.

medial geniculates

The ________ ________ relay auditory information to the auditory cortex.

thalamus

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to cerebral cortex.

pulvinar

The ________ integrate(s) sensory information for projection to the cerebral cortex.

hippocampus

The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.

hypothalamus

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

infundibulum

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

97%

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.

limbic system

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus are part of the ______ _______.

temporal lobe

The auditory cortex is located in the. . .

hypothalamus

The blood-brain barrier is absent in portions of the __________.

lipid-soluble compounds

The blood-brain barrier is generally permeable to _______-_______ _________.

internal carotid; vertebral arteries

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the. ________ _______ and _________ ________. .

tight

The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by ______ junctions.

medulla oblongata

The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the. . .

astrocytes

The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillary endothelial cells are the. . .

vermis

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the. . .

metencephalon

The cerebellum and pons develop from the. . .

ataxia

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as. . .

parietal lobe

The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the. . .

nutrients

The cerebrospinal fluid acts as a transport medium for ________.

buoyant support

The cerebrospinal fluid provides _______ _______ for the brain.

neural tissues

The cerebrospinal fluid provides cushioning for delicate _______ _______.

500 mL/day

The choroid plexus produces CSF at a rate of about. . .

lentiform nucleus

The putamen and globus pallidus are frequently considered to be subdivisions of the. . .

inferior colliculi

The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this?

prefrontal cerebral cortex

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the. . .

insula

The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the. . .

parietal; frontal

The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the _______ and ________ lobes.

red nuclei

The regions of the mesencephalon that issue subconscious motor commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone are the. . .

medulla oblongata

The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the. . .

insula; frontal lobe

The sense of taste projects to the gustatory cortex located in the ________ and ________ ________.

primary sensory

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ ________ cortex.

superior and inferior colliculi

The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the. . .

decussation

The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is ________.

septum pellucidum

The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the. . .

cerebral aqueduct

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the. . .

middle cerebellar peduncle

The tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the. . .

pons

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the. . .

longitudinal fissure

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the. . .

fourth

The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the. . .

occipital lobe

The visual cortex is located in the. . .

septum pullicidum

The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the ________ ________.

arbor vitae

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the ________ ________.

arbor vitae

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the. . .

corpus callosum

The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the ________ ________.

12

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.

maxillary; mandibular

Tic douloureux is a disorder of the ________ and ________ branches of nerve V.

trigeminal neuralgia

Tic douloureux is also called __________ ________.

pain

Tic douloureux is characterized by almost totally debilitating _______.

superior sagittal sinus

To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the ________ ________ ________.

falx cerebri

Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the ________ ________.

drives

Unfocused "impressions" such as thirst originating in the hypothalamus are known as ________.

sulfadiazine

What antibiotic enters the CNS without difficulty because it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier?

subarachnoid space

What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

cerebrospinal fluid

What is produced by the structure labeled "2"?

eye movement

What is the function of the nerve labeled "10"?

hearing and balance

What is the function of the nerve labeled "4"?

visceral sensation and motor control

What is the function of the nerve labeled "5"?

olfaction

What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?

diencephalon

What lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?

pia mater

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain?

X

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?

E

Which of the following help to protect the brain? A) the blood-brain barrier B) the bones of the skull C) the cranial meninges D) the CSF E) All of the answers are correct.

E

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus? A) produces ADH B) controls autonomic centers C) regulates body temperature D) secretes oxytocin E) All of the answers are correct.

C

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus? A) secrete cerebrospinal fluid B) secrete melatonin C) process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum D) store memories E) regulate food intake

C

Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? A) amygdaloid body B) cingulate gyrus C) globus pallidus D) hippocampus E) fornix

conscious; unconscious

Higher-order functions combine both ________ and ________ information processing.

cortex

Higher-order functions involve complex interactions among areas of the ________.

cerebrum

Higher-order functions occur in the ________.

trigeminal

Identify the nerve labeled "11."

facial

Identify the nerve labeled "12."

abducens

Identify the nerve labeled "3."

choroid plexus

Identify the structure labeled "1."

central canal

Identify the structure labeled "10."

aqueduct of midbrain

Identify the structure labeled "3."

lateral aperture

Identify the structure labeled "4."

subarachnoid space

Identify the structure labeled "6."

dura mater

Identify the structure labeled "7."

arachnoid granulation

Identify the structure labeled "8."

optic chiasm

Identify the structure labeled "8."

infundibulum

Identify the structure labeled "9."

superior sagittal sinus

Identify the structure labeled "9."

corpus callosum

If the ______ ________ is surgically cut, objects touched by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified.

left side

If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the _____ ______.

disconnection syndrome

If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, symptoms of the "________ ________" appear.

independently

If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, the two cerebral hemispheres operate __________.

choroid plexus

In each ventricle is a blood vessel called the ________ ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

left

In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in the ________ cerebral hemisphere.

E

Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes are restricted to either the left or the right hemisphere. These complex processes include A) speech. B) writing. C) mathematical computation. D) understanding spatial relationships. E) All of the answers are correct.

cerebrum

A neural cortex is found on the surface of the. . .

hypoglossal

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?

dyslexia

A person who has difficulty comprehending and using written language suffers from the disorder known as ________.

visual association

A person with a damaged _______ _______ area may be able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.

corneal

A reflex that is used to assess the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is the ________ reflex.

fornix

A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the. . .

electroencephalogram

A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.

seizure

A(n) ________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior.

diffusion

As CSF circulates, ________ between it and the interstitial fluid of the CNS is unrestricted between and across the ependyma.

more complex

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become. . .

optic chiasm

At the ______ ______ axons from the nasal halves of each retina cross.

medulla oblongata

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the. . .

premotor cortex

Damage to the ______ _______ of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to play the piano.

preoptic

Damage to the ______ area of the hypothalamus leads to reduced ability to regulate body temperature.

superior colliculi

Damage to the _______ _______ would interfere with the reflex ability to react to a bright light.

corpora quadrigemina

Damage to the _______ ________ would interfere with visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck.

voluntary motor activity

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect. . .

Parkinson's disease

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of. . .

prefrontal cortex

Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to. the. . .

glossopharyngeal and vagus

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

lobes

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are. . .

oculomotor

Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.

telencephalon

During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum?

interventricular foramen

Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through a(n). . .

cerebral spinal fluid

Ependymal cells work to adjust the composition of ________ ________ _______.

waste products

Ependymal cells work to remove ______ _______ from CSF.

choroid plexus

Ependymal cells work to surround the capillaries of the _________ ________.

substantia nigra

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the. . .

increased muscle tone

Excitation of neurons in the basal nuclei would lead to. . .

cranial nerve IX

Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of:

medulla oblongata

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the. . .

commissural fibers

The corpus callosum is composed of. . .

trigeminal

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the. . .

III, IV, VI

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are. . .

falx cerebri

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the. . .

dural folds

The dural sinuses are located in the. . .

diencephalon

The epithalamus forms the roof _________.

hypothalamus

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the. . .

gyri

The folds of the cerebrum are called ________.

folia

The folds of the surface of the cerebellum are called ________.

dominant

The hemisphere of the brain that performs analytical tasks is called the ________ hemisphere.

cerebrum

The highest levels of information processing occur in the. . .

projection fibers

The internal capsule of the cerebrum is composed of. . .

pia mater

The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the. . .

cerebral; diencephalic

The limbic system contains ______ and _______ components.

cerebrum; diencephalon

The limbic system is located between the border of the _______ and ________.

hypothalamus; frontal lobe

The medial nuclei of the thalamus connect emotional centers in the _________ with the ______ ______.

blood pressure; respiration.

The medulla oblongata regulates ______ _______ and _________.

inferior colliculi

The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the. . .

brain stem

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the ________ ________.

reticular activating system

The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________ ________ ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

gracilis; cuneatus

The nucleus ________ and nucleus ________ are in the medulla and relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus.

olfaction

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is. . .

optic chiasm

The optic nerve crosses at the ________ ________.

lateral geniculates

The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the. . .

interventricular foramen

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the ________ ________.

lateral; medial geniculate

The posterior nuclei of the thalamus include(s) the ______ and ______ ______ nuclei.

cerebellar cortex

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the. . .

precentral gyrus

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the. . .

C

Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve? A) loss of the sense of taste B) tooth pain C) weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle D) lack of facial expression E) dry mouth from lack of saliva

C

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain? A) cerebrum B) diencephalon C) prosencephalon D) midbrain E) pons

hearing and equilibrium

Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?

basal nuclei

Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the. . .

smell his food

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

Tic douloureux

______ _______ is a disorder triggered by contact with the lip, tongue, or gums.

Ependymal cells

______ _______ work to secrete CSF into the ventricles.

Higher-order

_______-________ functions can be adjusted over time based on experience.

Bell's palsy

________ ________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

Integrative

________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.

Aphasia

________ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.

Astrocytes

_________ surround the CNS capillaries of the blood-brain barrier.

Hydrocephalus

__________ or "water on the brain" may result from blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production.