Chapter 14 TopHat

Which of the following represent the organization of cells in a simple reflex arc? A. Receptor - interneuron - spinal cord - efferent neuron B. Receptor - interneuron - spinal cord - afferent neuron C. Afferent neuron - efferent neuron - interneuron - spinal cord - receptor D. Receptor - afferent neuron - efferent neuron - interneuron - spinal cord E. Efferent neuron - receptor - interneuron - spinal cord - afferent neuron

A. Receptor - interneuron - spinal cord - efferent neuron

Why is the occlusion of the carotid artery so dangerous? Multiple Answers A. The carotid is the only source of blood to the brain stem. B. The brain has a very narrow safety margin for O2_22​¸ which is supplied by the carotid arteries. C. The carotid also supplies blood to the spinal cord. D. The carotid artery supplies blood to structures in the neck essential for breathing.

A. The carotid is the only source of blood to the brain stem. B. The brain has a very narrow safety margin for O2_22​¸ which is supplied by the carotid arteries.

The central nervous system includes: Multiple answers A. The cerebral cortex B. The fasciculus cuneatus C. The reticular formation D. Dorsal root neurons

A. The cerebral cortex B. The fasciculus cuneatus C. The reticular formation

What challenges would a spinal cord-injured patient face in trying to walk again? Multiple Answers A. The connections between spinal cord motor neurons and muscles depends on synaptic activity between cells. B. The conditions present during fetal development are still present in the adult spinal cord. C. Non-myelinated axons contain proteins that inhibit axonal outgrowth. D. Muscles atrophy when they are no longer stimulated by motor neurons.

A. The connections between spinal cord motor neurons and muscles depends on synaptic activity between cells. D. Muscles atrophy when they are no longer stimulated by motor neurons.

Ascending or descending spinal cord tracts are named for: A. The region within the CNS where they begin and end B. Solely the area in the brain where they terminate or begin C. Regions of the brain stem through which they pass D. Solely for the region of the cord that they pass through E. The anatomists who first characterized them

A. The region within the CNS where they begin and end

Why do you think that connections between axons and target cells are formed during fetal development? Multiple Answers A. The fetus is smaller¸ so the distance that axons travel to target cells is smaller. B. The conditions during fetal development (presence of cues or signposts) are absent during adulthood. C. Once the connection is formed¸ it is maintained as people get bigger.

All of the above

Match the nervous system structure with the disorder that it is associated with. 1. Basal nuclei 2. Lower motor neuron 3. Upper motor neuron A. Guillian-Barre Syndrome B. Parkinson's disease C. Huntington's disease

Basal nuclei - Huntington's disease Lower motor neuron - Guillain-Barre syndrome Upper motor neuron - Parkinson's disease

The Babinski reflex: Multiple Answers A. Is used to assess the development of ascending motor pathways B. Causes a infant's toe to fan inwards C. Causes an adult's toes to curl in D. Causes an adult's toes to fan out if there is neurological damage

C. Causes an adult's toes to curl in D. Causes an adult's toes to fan out if there is neurological damage

Cerebrospinal fluid: A. Is a clear, watery fluid B. Is produced by ependymal cells C. Cushions the brain and spinal cord from injury D. Has a similar composition to plasma E. Has more protein than plasma

C. Cushions the brain and spinal cord from injury

The hypothalamus is part of the ______________. A. Brainstem B. Cerebellum C. Diencephalon D. Reticular formation E. Pons

C. Diencephalon

The primary motor cortex is located in the ______________ lobe, and the primary visual cortex is located in the ______________ lobe. A. Frontal; frontal B. Frontal; parietal C. Frontal; occipital D. Parietal; temporal

C. Frontal; occipital

Which of the following compounds are most likely to pass through the blood-brain barrier and why? A. Synthetic antibiotics, because of special drug transporters within the blood-brain barrier B. CO2​ and O2​, because they are very water soluble C. Glucose, because of transporters within the blood-brain barrier D. THC (active ingredient in marijuana), because of special drug transporters within the blood-brain barrier E. Ethanol, because of transporters within the blood-brain barrier

C. Glucose, because of transporters within the blood-brain barrier

The upper motor neurons of all pyramidal tracts originate in _______________

Cerebral cortex

What is a plexus? A. The site outside the CNS where spinal nerves move in a dorsal or ventral direction B. The site within the CNS where neurons and axons are organized into spinal nerves C. The site outside the CNS where neuron cell bodies are collected D. A braid-like structure intermingling motor, autonomic and sensory neurons E. The region of the body innervated by a specific spinal nerve

D. A braid-like structure intermingling motor, autonomic and sensory neurons

Proof that the left side of the brain receives information about the right side of the body is given by: A. Myelinated interneurons B. Ipsilateral ascending fibers into the thalamus C. The presence of interneurons in the spinal cord D. Contralateral ascending fibers into the thalamus E. Specialized sensory receptors in the left cerebrum

D. Contralateral ascending fibers into the thalamus

Which of the following elements are not contained in muscle spindles? A. Intrafusal muscle fibers B. Motor neuron fibers C. Sensory neuron fibers D. Extrafusal muscle fibers

D. Extrafusal muscle fibers

Which of the following are have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion? A. Reticulospinal B. Spinocerebellar C. Spinothalamic tracts D. Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus E. Corticospinal

D. Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus

Sort the tissues in order, from the outside of the nerve moving inward. A. Epineurium B. Endonerium C. Axon D. Perineurium

D. Perinerurium A. Epineurium B. Endoneurium C. Axon

Which of the following divide the spinal cord into lateral sections? A. Funiculi B. Fasciculi C. Grey matter D. White matter E. Dorsal medial sulcus and ventral medial fissure

E. Dorsal medial sulcus and ventral medial fissure

Which of the following statements about the central nervous system is false? A. The CNS contains cell bodies that give rise to cranial nerves. B. The CNS is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. C. Afferents travel up the spinal cord to the CNS. D. Efferents originate in the spinal cord and go out into the body. E. Dorsal root ganglia are part of the CNS.

E. Dorsal root ganglia are part of the CNS.

Which cranial nerve has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibers and plays no role in the regulation of the eye? A. Oculomotor B. Optic C. Trochlear D. Trigeminal E. Vagus

E. Vagus

What tracts control the skeletal muscles associated with posture?

Lateral vestibulospinal tracts

Skeletal muscle is controlled by ______________ circuits. A. Divergent B. Convergent C. Rhythm generating circuits D. Simple circuits

A. Divergent

The minimal number of cells in a polysynaptic spinal cord reflex arc is: A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

C. 3

The ventral corticospinal tracts _________. A. Decussate at the level of the pons B. Innervate the skeletal muscles associated with chewing C. Decussate at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata D. Innervate the axial skeletal muscles

D. Innervate the axial skeletal muscles

In a ______ Babinski test, the _______. A. Positive; toes fan out B. Positive; fingers contract C. Negative; toes fan out D. Negative; fingers contract

A. Positive; toes fan out

As a person grows in size from childhood, how does the dermatome change? A. The final version of the dermatome develops as a person approaches adulthood. B. As long as the correct connections are formed during fetal development, additional sensory neurons can send information through spinal nerves. C. As a person matures, the axonal projections of a spinal nerve send out growth cones looking for target cells until the person stops growing. D. The dermatome changes in concert with the myotome.

B. As long as the correct connections are formed during fetal development, additional sensory neurons can send information through spinal nerves.

A patient reports numbness in his left arm and was severely burned when his elbow was too close to an open flame. What nerve plexus and nerve could be damaged? A.Cervical plexus and the auricular nerve B. Brachial plexus and any one of several nerves that innervate the arm C. Lumbar plexus and the vagus nerve D. Sacral plexus and the ischiadic nerve

B. Brachial plexus and any one of several nerves that innervate the arm

The corticobulbar tracts synapse with the following cranial nerves except ________. A. CN V B. CN VI C. CN VII D. CN X

B. CN VI

The neural circuits underlying speech must be unique to speech and different from all other CNS circuits. A. True B. False C. Impossible to determine without more information

B. False

Which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique eye muscle? A. I B. IV C. X D. XI E. VIII

B. IV

Which of the following best represents a convergent neuronal circuit? A. A muscle unit B. Information processing in the visual system C. Breathing D. Walking

B. Information processing in the visual system

Efferent and afferent neurons pass through ______________ to enter the spinal cord. A. Vertebral bodies B. Intervertebral formina C. Foramen magnum D. Subdural space

B. Intervertebral formina

The lower motor neurons of which indirect tracts originate in the ventral horns of the cervical spinal cord? A. Lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts B. Medial vestibulospinal tracts and tectospinal tracts C. Medial reticulospinal tracts and rubrospinal tracts D. Lateral reticulospinal tracts and medial reticulospinal tracts

B. Medial vestibulospinal tracts and tectospinal tracts

During a breech birth (feet first instead of head first), the attending physician was forced to use forceps to grab the baby's leg and pull it out of the womb. Later examination of the baby revealed damage to the toes, which could not abduct or adduct, and the flexion of the ankle was impaired. What likely happened to the baby? A. There was direct damage to spinal cord reflexes. B. The common fibular nerve was damaged. C. There was damage to the lumbar plexus. D. The vagal nerve was damaged close to the knee.

B. The common fibular nerve was damaged.

Blood reaches the brain through ______________. A. Venous sinuses B. The internal carotid C. The abdominal aorta D. Subarachnoid space

B. The internal carotid