Chapter 15 - Questions
____ are the pay, opportunities, status, and security that the organization provides to the individual. a. Inducements b. Intangibles c. Psychological contracts d. Contributions e. Competencies
a) Inducements
Someone who categorizes people based on a single attribute... a. is engaged in stereotyping b. is exhibiting selective perception c. has an external locus of control d. believes in authoritarianism e. is exhibiting burnout
a. is engaged in stereotyping
Isabelle likes abstract concepts. This trait illustrates the ____ dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. a. Judging b. Intuitive c. Thinking d. Feeling e. Sensing
b. Intuitive
Behavioral consequences of organizational stress include... a. depression b. drug abuse c. turnover d. absenteeism e. decreased performance
b. drug abuse
The skills, time, and loyalty you bring to the organization are examples of your... a. competencies b. psychological contracts c. contributions d. tangibles e. inducements
c) contributions
A person's ability to get along with others in an organization is known as... a. extraversion b. positive affectivity c. agreeableness d. self-efficacy e. conscientiousness
c. agreeableness
Mary is abrasive and makes sarcastic comments to anyone who comes into the office. She is critical of every facet of people she works with. In terms of the "Big Five" personality traits, she has low... a. locus of control b. positive affectivity c. agreeableness d. self-efficacy e. conscientiousness
c. agreeableness
If you accept everything your professor says solely because he or she is "the professor," you are highly... a. dogmatic b. self-monitoring c. authoritarian d. motivated e. perceptive
c. authoritarian
Charlie thinks he can anticipate and prevent just about all bad things. Charlie has a(n)... a. high-risk propensity b. dogmatic set of beliefs c. internal locus of control d. external locus of control e. high level of competency
c. internal locus of control
The Nissan Leaf is the first mass produced all electric car. It is in the ____ stage of the creative process. a. incubation b. insight c. verification d. delineation e. preparation
c. verification
Bernard Madoff enjoyed having power over others. This indicates a high level of... a. authoritarianism b. risk propensity c. external locus of control d. Machiavellianism e. conformity
d. Machiavellianism
The first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is... a. resistance b. denial c. exhaustion d. alarm e. selective perception
d. alarm
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Type A person? a. Anxiety b. Hostility c. Compulsiveness d. Competitiveness e. Patience
e. Patience
Martha had parents who were perfectionists. She has been very successful in running her business, but she is overly critical of herself. Martha has low... a. conformity b. risk propensity c. self-monitoring d. locus of control e. self-esteem
e. self-esteem
____ is a mechanism through which we observe behavior and then assign causes to it. a. Attribution b. Stereotyping c. Perception d. Selective perception e. Attitude formation
a. Attribution
____ refers to the number of goals on which a person focuses. a. Conscientiousness b. Openness c. Self-efficacy d. Agreeableness e. Positive affectivity
a. Conscientiousness
Lynn has two projects to choose from. She knows the big one takes weeks and is important. The small one, she can finish by the end of the day, but it is not that important. Her decision to work on the small one illustrates her ____ dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. a. Judging b. Perceiving c. Thinking d. Feeling e. Sensing
a. Judging
In which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome will an individual do whatever he or she can to cope with the situation? a. Resistance b. Denial c. Exhaustion d. Alarm e. Affective
a. Resistance
____ is the term used to describe an individual's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task. a. Self-efficacy b. Self-esteem c. Self-monitoring d. Confidence e. Machiavellianism
a. Self-efficacy
____ is the extent to which a person believes that he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual. a. Self-esteem b. Conformity c. Self-monitoring d. Risk propensity e. Self-image
a. Self-esteem
People want to flee or fight in the ____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome. a. alarm b. panic c. resistance d. affective e. emotional
a. alarm
Dorothy is overweight and smokes, even though she knows that both of these are bad for her health. She is most likely experiencing... a. cognitive dissonance b. low self-esteem c. an external locus of control d. low risk propensity e. burnout
a. cognitive dissonance
The basic framework around which we form attributions is... a. consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness b. synergy, empathy, and compassion c. consensus, continuity, and consistency d. empathy, consensus, and differentiation e. empathy, distinctiveness, and continuity
a. consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness
A person's range of interest is captured in the personality trait of... a. openness b. positive affectivity c. agreeableness d. self-efficacy e. low conscientiousness
a. openness
Juwan is judgmental. He tends to stereotype people and has a great deal of trouble adjusting to change. He doesn't like new ideas, and his interests outside of work are limited to fishing and hunting. From this description, you would describe Juwan as having a low level of... a. openness b. negative emotionality c. agreeableness d. self-efficacy e. conscientiousness
a. openness
When Jerre Stead took over as the CEO of Ingram Micro, he was following a CEO who was strongly authoritarian. Stead immediately removed all office doors. This gesture indicated his willingness to consider new ideas and his... a. openness b. positive affectivity c. agreeableness d. self-efficacy e. conscientiousness
a. openness
Corinne observed her company laying people off without notice or explanation. Her ____ will likely decrease. a. organizational commitment b. job satisfaction c. selective perception d. external locus of control e. high authoritarianism
a. organizational commitment
Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks, hires managers by looking for two qualities⎯integrity and passion. According to Schultz, these qualities are as important as experience and abilities because he wants people to become passionate about helping the company succeed while maintaining high ethical standards that promote the organization's responsibility to society. In other words, Schultz values... a. organizational commitment b. job satisfaction c. selective perception d. an external locus of control e. high authoritarianism
a. organizational commitment
The extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by the organization is referred to as the... a. person-job fit b. individual/task match c. contribution-competency fit d. cognitive component e. contribution component
a. person-job fit
Michael wants to become a surgeon. One of his goals is to be assigned to surgeries whenever possible. He wants to perform his job well in the emergency room. He also wants to provide the care that his child needs. He desires to have a satisfying relationship with his wife. He wants to do a good job mentoring a group of residents and interns. He would like to help his sister deal with the loss of her son. Michael is likely to experience stress as a result of ____ demand. a. role b. physical c. task d. interpersonal e. psychological
a. role
Dr. Blalock is a surgeon who was recently involved in a malpractice suit that proved that Dr. Blalock had experienced an error in judgment during a surgery; as a result, a former patient was left paralyzed. Since he has realized his mistake, Dr. Blalock has doubted his capabilities as a surgeon. In other words, he has had low... a. self-efficacy b. self-esteem c. self-monitoring d. risk propensity e. dogmatism
a. self-efficacy
Psychological consequences of stress include... a. sleep disturbances b. withdrawal c. alcoholism d. appetite disorders e. smoking
a. sleep disturbances
____ is the set of expectations that an individual holds about what he or she will contribute to the organization and what it will provide in return. a. Cognitive dissonance b. A psychological contract c. An organizational contract d. Collaboration e. Organizational citizenship
b) A psychological contract
Ingrid is excited about her new job. She thinks it will be exciting, fulfilling, and rewarding, and will allow her the standard of living she is looking for. She has made a(n) ____ with her new employer. a. Inducement b. psychological contract c. organizational commitment d. contributory expectation e. mental picture
b) psychological contract
You formulate a(n) _____ with your employer when you accept a job. a. inducement b. psychological contract c. organizational commitment d. contributory expectation e. mental picture
b) psychological contract
Latisha loves to read. She reads a lot of business, history, and biography books. She often notices similarities in the situations in the books with what she is managing at work. ____ thinking is a skill that allows her to see similarities between situations, phenomena, and events. a. Congruent b. Convergent c. Digressive d. Divergent e. Constructive
b. Convergent
James gets his energy from other people, likes the big picture, makes gut decisions, and completes work before moving on to the next project. His traits illustrate the ____ dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. a. Extrovert, intuitive, thinking, judge b. Extrovert, intuitive, feeling, judge c. Introvert, intuitive, feeling, judge d. Introvert, sensing, thinking, judge e. Introvert, sensing, feeling, perceiver
b. Extrovert, intuitive, feeling, judge
Isabelle gets her energy from others, likes abstract concepts, feels her way through decisions, and leaves her schedule open and flexible. Her traits illustrate the ____ dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. a. Extrovert, intuitive, thinking, judge b. Extrovert, intuitive, feeling, perceiver c. Introvert, intuitive, feeling, judge d. Introvert, sensing, thinking, judge e. Introvert, sensing, feeling, perceiver
b. Extrovert, intuitive, feeling, perceiver
Which of the following personality traits is NOT one of the "Big Five"? a. Agreeableness b. Locus of control c. Extraversion d. Conscientiousness e. Negative emotionality
b. Locus of control
____ is an attitude that reflects an individual's identification with an attachment to an organization. a. Job involvement b. Organizational commitment c. Organizational citizenship d. Job satisfaction e. Job identification
b. Organizational commitment
____ is a set of processes by which individuals become aware of and interpret information about their environment. a. Selective attitude b. Perception c. Objective reality d. Stereotyping e. Perceived reality
b. Perception
Tom Evslin knew that using the Internet to make telephone calls was a good idea, but the static you get when you try to talk with a computer and a microphone to someone else with a computer and a microphone is unacceptable. He started a new company to make it possible to use the Internet to make clear telephone calls. He is very excited about his new company's possibility and claims, "I have just barely opened the door for this new technology. We're going to be more successful than AT&T." Which of the following terms best describes Evslin? a. An internal locus of control b. Positive affectivity c. Machiavellian d. Authoritarian e. Negative affectivity
b. Positive affectivity
Which of the following statements about Type A personalities is FALSE? a. They are extremely competitive b. They are less likely to experience conflict with other people c. They are more likely to experience stress d. They are very work-oriented e. They have a lot of drive and want to accomplish as much as possible as quickly as possible
b. They are less likely to experience conflict with other people
Which of the following statements describes the major differences between Type B and Type A individuals? a. Type B individuals have less patience b. Type B individuals have a more balanced approach to life c. Type B individuals are usually less healthy d. Type B individuals are less intelligent e. Type B individuals are more competitive
b. Type B individuals have a more balanced approach to life
Herman believes he needs balance between work and his personal life. He will not work on weekends and frequently asks for deadline extensions. He exhibits... a. Type A behavior b. Type B personality c. selective perception d. an internal locus of control e. cognitive dissonance
b. Type B personality
____ is the pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness. a. Organizational behavior b. Workplace action c. Workplace behavior d. Performance behavior e. Withdrawal behavior
b. Workplace behavior
The beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, and people are known as... a. personality attributes b. attitudes c. perceptions d. characteristics e. behaviors
b. attitudes
Kristen worked in a fast-food restaurant to pay for her college tuition. Kristen vowed never to eat fast food again. But years later her small children love nothing better than a fast-food kid's meal. Kristen's acceptance of the kid's menu choice creates... a. a setback b. cognitive dissonance c. affective dissonance d. intentional dissonance e. behavioral dissonance
b. cognitive dissonance
Joan has a tendency to complain a lot and expect things to go poorly. This is known as... a. being realistic b. negative affectivity c. an external locus of control d. cognitive dissonance e. the cognition part of an attitude
b. negative affectivity
Tadashi is relatively poised, calm, resilient, and secure in the face of day-to-day stress. According to the "Big Five" personality traits, Tadashi has low... a. openness b. negative emotionality c. agreeableness d. self-efficacy e. conscientiousness
b. negative emotionality
As the average age of American workers increases, employers are changing lighting, installing fitness centers, and changing parking in an effort to decrease ____ demand. a. role b. physical c. task d. interpersonal e. psychological
b. physical
At work there is a conference room nicknamed "the meat locker." If Royce has a meeting in there, he is too cold to concentrate. This is an example of ____ demands that can lead to stress. a. role b. physical c. task d. interpersonal e. psychological
b. physical
Stressors are defined as... a. the result of cognitive dissonance b. the stimuli that cause stress c. situations that should be avoided d. stress on the job e. anything that decreases performance
b. the stimuli that cause stress
Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between stress and performance? a. As stress increases, performance will decrease b. As performance increases, so does stress c. As stress increases, performance will increase for a time d. As stress increases, performance will steadily increase e. As performance decreases, so does stress
c. As stress increases, performance will increase for a time
____ is the extent to which a person believes that power and status differences are appropriate within organizations. a. Dogmatism b. Locus of control c. Authoritarianism d. Risk propensity e. Self-efficiency
c. Authoritarianism
Roberto feels a strong need for consensus, but his team member loves to debate everything and play devil's advocate. This is an example of which type of organizational stressor? a. Role demands b. Task demands c. Interpersonal demands d. Physical demands e. Personal demands
c. Interpersonal demands
Alan enjoys manipulating others to his own benefit. He sees telling lies as a gray area and is loyal only to himself. He is highly... a. authoritative b. dogmatism c. Machiavellian d. effective e. risk propensity
c. Machiavellian
Stress may be defined as... a. the result of diminishing capacities b. an uncommon but serious reaction to too much change c. a physical or psychological response to strain d. an environmental force that affects performance e. pressure on the worker
c. a physical or psychological response to strain
The manager of Abigail's Fabrics is upset because the workers' lounge looks like a pigsty. She has determined that there is no one individual responsible for the mess, and in fact, she is the only one who is bothered by the trash. She has also determined that her employees keep their cars and their lockers just as slovenly. The attribution she forms about her subordinates is BEST described as... a. low consensus and low distinctiveness b. low consistency and high distinctiveness c. high consensus and high consistency d. low distinctiveness, high consensus, and low consistency e. None of these choices
c. high consensus and high consistency
Tatiana thinks she is responsible for everything. When something goes wrong, she seems to always think it is her fault. Tatiana has a(n)... a. high-risk propensity b. dogmatic set of beliefs c. internal locus of control d. external locus of control e. high level of competency
c. internal locus of control
Stress... a. is an attitude b. has no impact on personality type c. is an individual's response to a strong stimulus d. is a consequence of burnout e. All of these choices
c. is an individual's response to a strong stimulus
Dale wants to work for a company that offers stock options. He used to work for a German company that did not offer its employees stock options. Now Dale has an offer from BASF, a German-owned corporation, but he is not very interested. Dale is using... a. sexism b. racism c. stereotyping d. attribution e. selective perception
c. stereotyping
When Heather learned that two WWF professional wrestlers had written a children's book, she automatically assumed that it would be too violent for her children to read. Heather is exhibiting... a. organizational commitment b. low self-esteem c. stereotyping d. selective perception e. authoritarianism
c. stereotyping
A surgeon, who is responsible for life and death decisions, would be a likely candidate for stress caused by ____ demand. a. role b. physical c. task d. interpersonal e. psychological
c. task
An individual who has been described as Machiavellian would... a. put a high value on friendship b. get little personal pleasure from manipulating others c. tend to be rational and unemotional d. not be willing to lie to get a promotion or a bonus e. want his or her superiors to be authoritarian
c. tend to be rational and unemotional
Rolinda is talented, dedicated and friendly. These are examples of her... a. inducements b. intangibles c. psychological contracts d. contributions e. competencies
d) contributions
At the death of her husband Bronson Ingram, Martha Ingram unexpectedly became the CEO of Ingram Industries, a billion-dollar conglomerate with holdings in the publishing, music, barge, dredging, computer distribution industries, and others. As she took on the duties of Ingram Industries CEO, Martha Ingram was at which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome? a. Resistance b. Denial c. Exhaustion d. Alarm e. Affective
d. Alarm
____ dissonance refers to the conflict that individuals experience among their attitudes. a. Behavioral b. Intentional c. Personal d. Cognitive e. Affective
d. Cognitive
____ thinking is a skill that allows people to see similarities between situations, phenomena, or events. a. Incubation b. Insight c. Verification d. Convergent e. Preparation
d. Convergent
____ thinking is a skill that allows people to see differences between situations, phenomena, or events. a. Congruent b. Convergent c. Digressive d. Divergent e. Constructive
d. Divergent
Which of the following is NOT an example of a stressor from the task demand category? a. Having to make decisions quickly b. Making decisions that have serious consequences c. Making decisions without complete information d. Making decisions between job and family responsibilities e. Making a decision that could endanger someone's life
d. Making decisions between job and family responsibilities
____ is the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another. a. Behavior b. Attitude c. Attribution d. Personality e. Motivation
d. Personality
____ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs. a. Objective reality b. Perceived reality c. Stereotyping d. Selective perception e. Self-relevant observation
d. Selective perception
Jack has a negative attitude toward his job. He says, "My job is boring and no one appreciates what I do." This statement reflects the ____ component of his attitude toward his job. a. cognitive b. intentional c. dissonance d. affective e. affirmative
d. affective
The ____ component of an attitude reflects feelings and emotions that an individual has toward something. a. cognitive b. intentional c. dissonance d. affective e. affirmative
d. affective
Individuals form ____ for behavior by recognizing that the three types of patterns are consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness. a. perceptions b. attitudes c. stereotypes d. attributions e. personalities
d. attributions
Too little stress can cause a person to... a. feel invigorated b. be healthy and pleased with life c. develop healthy coping techniques d. become lethargic/fatigued e. become anxious about time pressures
d. become lethargic/fatigued
If you perceive that one method of completing a task is the most efficient, but your coworker perceives that her idea is better, the ____ components of your attitudes differ. a. intentional b. intellectual c. affective d. cognitive e. emotional
d. cognitive
Jocelyn knows that Al Gore won the presidential election of 2000, but the Supreme Court was not given enough time to figure that out. Michelle knows that George W. Bush won the election because he is president. The ____ components of their attitudes differ. a. intentional b. intellectual c. affective d. cognitive e. behavioral
d. cognitive
Earthlink is interested in achieving name recognition with grassroots America. Its marketing department has developed three possible plans, all of which involve the sponsorship of country music concerts. Using ____ thinking, the manager was able to see that while the performers are all country music singers, each appeals to a different segment of the country music market. a. congruent b. convergent c. digressive d. divergent e. constructive
d. divergent
The final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is... a. resistance b. decline c. recognition d. exhaustion e. acceptance
d. exhaustion
The ____ component of an attitude reflects how a person expects to behave in a situation. a. cognitive b. perceptive c. affective d. intentional e. intellectual
d. intentional
Personal factors such as an individual's needs and aspirations, as well as organizational factors such as relationships with coworkers and supervisors, working conditions, work policies, and compensation, all help determine an individual's level of... a. intrinsic self-relevance b. authoritarianism c. attribution d. job satisfaction e. behavior
d. job satisfaction
Juan has a tendency to see the good side of each situation. This is known as... a. cognitive dissonance b. self-efficacy c. an internal locus of control d. positive affectivity e. the cognition part of an attitude
d. positive affectivity
Research suggests that creative people have which of the following personality traits? a. Openness b. Independence c. An attraction to complexity d. Strong self-confidence e. All of these choices
e. All of these choices
Which of the following is part of corporate wellness programs? a. Smoking cessation classes b. Exercise-related activities c. Weight reduction programs d. Stress management workshops e. All of these choices
e. All of these choices
Which of the following is suggested as a way for individuals to manage stress? a. Exercise b. Relaxation c. Support groups d. Time management e. All of these choices
e. All of these choices
____ refers to a person's comfort level with relationships. a. Conscientiousness b. Openness c. Self-efficacy d. Agreeableness e. Extraversion
e. Extraversion
Mazda does not have reserved parking spaces for its managers, nor does it have an executive dining room. These actions would indicate that management at Mazda tends to... a. be dogmatic b. be highly authoritarian c. have an internal locus of control d. have an external locus of control e. none of these choices
e. None of these choices
The Department of Defense set a goal to develop a prosthetic arm that could pick up and feed a grape to its user. At the same time DOD started the process to fund the project with $100 million. Which period of the creative process is this? a. Incubation b. Insight c. Verification d. Delineation e. Preparation
e. Preparation
____ is the degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and make decisions. a. Self-esteem b. Conformity c. Competency d. Self-monitoring e. Risk propensity
e. Risk propensity
An employee with high self-esteem is likely to... a. seek higher-status jobs b. be confident in his ability to perform c. derive intrinsic satisfaction from accomplishments d. believe she is a worthwhile person e. all of these choices
e. all of these choices
An individual's level of job satisfaction is determined by... a. compensation b. personal needs and aspirations c. relationships with coworkers and supervisors d. working conditions e. all of these choices
e. all of these choices
Machiavellianism is... a. a term used to describe behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others b. a personality trait c. not consistently present in all people d. used by individuals who are rational and unemotional e. all of these choices
e. all of these choices
Organizational stressors include... a. task demands b. physical demands c. role demands d. interpersonal demands e. all of these choices
e. all of these choices
Work stress can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT... a. promotion b. interpersonal relationships c. pay increase d. work demands e. burnout
e. burnout
A manager who is willing to lose it all on one product has high... a. locus of control b. self-esteem c. Machiavellianism d. emotional intelligence e. risk propensity
e. risk propensity
If you admire your mentor, but hear she has pushed others down to climb the corporate ladder. You might disregard the information as gossip because of... a. perceived reality b. objective reality c. stereotyping d. negative affectivity e. selective perception
e. selective perception
One of the reasons Bernard Madoff got away with his Ponzi scheme for so long is that his investors saw him as a friend and used ____ to disregard questionable behavior. a. sexism b. racism c. stereotyping d. attribution e. selective perception
e. selective perception
If you are proud of your accomplishments yet look forward to achieving higher levels of performance and are confident in your abilities, you have high... a. conformity b. risk propensity c. self-monitoring d. locus of control e. self-esteem
e. self-esteem
