Chapter 15 State building and search for order
Traditional Thinking and witch hunts
Beliefs derived from locals and Judeo christian beliefs -over 100,000 people were accused and half were executed -witch hunts became manifestations of fear for women without male guidance
Dutch Realism
realistic portrayal of secular everyday life
Louis XIV of France
"Sun King," he believed in divine right and was a devout catholic. He feared the nobility and was successful in collaborating with them to enhance both aristocratic prestige and royal power. He made the court of Versailles a fixed institution to use it to preserve royal power and the center of French Absolutism.
Gustavus Adolphus
(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.
The Bohemian Phase
(1618-1625) 1st phase of Thirty Years' War HRE Ferdinand II enters Bohemia, Protestant Bohemians get angry and name their own king, Frederick V (he later loses and disappears) Rebellion in Bohemia spreads to other parts of Europe -Rebellion drove imperial forces from Bohemia -Protestant Forces were decisively defeated at the battle of white mountain
Treaty of Nijmegen
(1678) signed by the French, specifically King Louis XIV, and the Dutch. Through this treaty, Louis obtained more land. This treaty is significant because it ended the 6 year long Dutch war, and expanded France.
Decline of Spain
-Bankruptcies in 1596 and 1607 -Philip III (1598-1621) -Phillip IV (1621-1665)
policies of the sun king
-Divine Right ruler -increased power of the bourbon family line led him to many expensive wars of expansion
The Seven Year War
-Resulted in Fred's Plotting -allied Prussia and England against France and Austria
Treaty of Utrecht
1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire
Dutch Republic and England
European countries under Constitutionalism (after the glorious revolution)
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. -Weakened the HRE, French continental supremacy -1/3 of the population died and 1/2 of the wealth of the German states was depleted -this decimation set the stage for the long term fragmentation of central Europe
Cromwell, Oliver
Advanced trade increased Englands power abroad
Test Act
An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Architect who built the Throne of St. Peter, St. Peter's Basilica, and the Ecstasy of St. Theresa
The wars of Louis XIV
As a result of 4 wars fought during Louis's reign France lost talented generals and was in a economical unsound situation
Louis XIII of France
Bourbon king of France and son of Henry IV. Probably more famous for his adviser, the Cardinal Richelieu and the growing centralization of power to the French monarchy during his reign.
Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia
Brandenburg is the nucleus of the Prussian kingdom - highly important - after gaining Great power status, it became the nucleus of a modern, united Germany
Phase Two
Broke out over type, of govt that should be established -Cromwell won due to control of the army
French Phase (1635-1648)
Catholic France comes to the aid of the German protestants -Rivalry with the HRE and french king cause french to side with the protestants
Actions of Louis XIII
Disbanded the standing armies destroyed fortified castles set up royal spy organizations crushed conspiracies with wholesale exectuions JOINED 30 YEARS WAR ON THE PROTESTANT SIDE TO WEAKEN THE HAPSBURGS
Practice of Absolutism
Divine right of kings "received authority from gods"
Edict of Restitution (1629)
Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.
Romanov Dynasty
Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917
French Mercantilism
Encouraged trade and commerce by trying to get rid of France of internal tariffs -maintained balance of trade to offset military expenses -Gallican Liberties
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic renewed peace of Augsburg Calvinism recognized as a legal religion -nullified edict of restitution whoever owned land in 1624 got it back -independence of Switzerland and Netherlands -Spain lost the Spanish Netherlands Comprises of Belgium and Luxembourg -Treaty Permanently weakened the HRE
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
Ended the War of Austrian Succession -MT Kept the austrian throne -Fred the great made only territorial gain
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
Leopold I
Expands westward Turk conflicts, Siege of Vienna
James II (1685-1688)
Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy.
Spain and France
German states were no longer combatants -Spain and France fought on German soil -Both Nations looted and pillaged German Lands -Germans were helpless in stopping them THIS ENDED THE TREATY OF PYRENEES
wondrous age of theater
Golden age of Elizabethan literature
Artemisia Gentileschi
Judith Slaying Holofernes
Wars of Spanish Sucession
King designated Louis's grandson Philip as the Spanish heir and HRE Leopold Hapsburg thought this song had a stronger claim
Chateaux de Versailles
Kings residence and center of govt -had royal apartments were at the center of the complex
Wars of Devolution
Louis XIV claimed the Spainsh Netherlands as his Wife's unpaid dowry
Rise of Catherine the Great of Russia
Married to Peter III
HRE's Before, During and After
Matthias: 1612-1619 Ferdinand II: 1619-1637 Ferdinand III: 1637-1657
Civil war 1649
Parliament was split on how much authority should be curbed Charles used this to reassert control
Charles II
Parliment invited Charles to rule, he agreed to parliamentary controls on taxes cavalier passed a series of laws
Phase One
Parliments were victorious, commanded by Oliver Cromwell Split in parliment between who wanted restoration of a limited monarchy
Stalemate
Peace of Ryswick Louis retreated from most territories
Fredrick the Great
Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.
Frederick William I
Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization
Swedish and French war
Sweden attacked by Denmark in 1635 due to Denmark hoping to break the power of the Swedish empire -France sent troops -Cath France and Prot. Sweden VS. Cath HRE, Prot Denmark, and Cath Spain 1645: Denmark surrendered 1648: Germans called for a truce
The Danish Phase
The Danish period of the conflict began when King Christian IV (r. 1588-1648), the Lutheran ruler of Denmark supported the Protestants in 1625 against Ferdinand II.
William Pitt
The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.
The swedish phase
The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts.
Jansenism
Theological movement that emphasized original sin, human depravity originated the work of Cornelius Jansen
William and Mary of Orange
They signed the English Bill of Rights and began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs, leading to a greater measure of personal liberty and democracy in Britain. This action both signaled the end of several centuries of tension and conflict between the crown and parliament, and the end of the idea that England would be restored to Roman Catholicism.
War with Scotland 1639
This is the result of Archbishop Laud forcing Scotland to follow Anglican practices.
Cardinal Richelieu
This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING THE STRONGEST ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN EUROPE Ferdinand had Wallenstein assassinated in 1634
Fronde Noble Revolts
This was a civil war in France. Parisian mobs used to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin The goal was to protect ancient liberties from royal encroachments
Ottoman Empire
Took over Turkey from the Byzantine Empire and strived to expand its borders into Eastern Europe, mainly fighting the Holy Roman Empire and its various princes throughout the Middle Ages. Constanople the center. Over time it started to shrink and grow weaker, it was dismantled after WWI.
Acadian War
War between competing governors of the French Province of Acadia -Port Royal was burned -Charles de saint- Etienne de la tour had been granted a territory by King Louis XIV and Charles de Menou had been granted another
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
War over the control of Austria due to the fact that Charles VI left Maria Theresa (a girl) as heir to the throne. Frederick II of Prussia invaded due to a want for Silesia and France helped him in order to humiliate their enemy (Austria.) Great Britain allied with Austria to prevent France from gaining more land. The colonies of F and GB began to fight also. Austria gave Silesia to Prussia and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war.
Fredrick William II
Was a ruler who was considered an Enlightened Despot because he took Voltaire's ideas in his ruling, he got rid of torture, gave his people religious freedom and had a free press. He also simplified laws so his people could understand them. -Gained independence of Prussia by entering the war -HRE Granted Prussian Independence
Great Northern War
a war where Russia's victory under Peter the Great leads to control over Baltic Sea-beat Sweden Tried to change customs and tradition of Russian citizens by banning forms of dress, changing number system and reforming Russian education
Treaty of Paris
agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country
Treaty of Dover
alliance between England and France by which Charles II promised to convert to Catholicism in return for funds from France
Mannerism
an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
witchcraft zone
before sixteenth and seventeenth century -increase in executions -accusations against witches -social conditions -religion uncertainty *many Women were vitctims
Baroque
characterized by extravagancy and complexity
Declaration of Indulgence
document that suspended English laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant non-conformists
Peace of Westphalia
the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 established that residents of a state were subject to laws of that state radically altered the balance of power in Europe
Classicism
the principles and styles admired in the classics of Greek and Roman literature, such as objectivity, sensibility, restraint, and formality
Diplomatic Revolution
the time of changing alliances between the war of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, France allied with Austria and Russia, while Prussia is allied with Great Britain
Treaty of Hubertusburg of 1763
treaty between Prussia and Austria ending the Seven years' War in Germany. Signed five days after the Treaty of Paris, it guaranteed that Frederick ll the Great maintained his possession of Silesia and confirmed Prussia's stature as a major European power.
England under cromwell
voted to execute Charles I Declared England a "common wealth" Friction developed with parliment