Chapter 15 State building and search for order

Traditional Thinking and witch hunts

Beliefs derived from locals and Judeo christian beliefs -over 100,000 people were accused and half were executed -witch hunts became manifestations of fear for women without male guidance

Dutch Realism

realistic portrayal of secular everyday life

Louis XIV of France

"Sun King," he believed in divine right and was a devout catholic. He feared the nobility and was successful in collaborating with them to enhance both aristocratic prestige and royal power. He made the court of Versailles a fixed institution to use it to preserve royal power and the center of French Absolutism.

Gustavus Adolphus

(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

The Bohemian Phase

(1618-1625) 1st phase of Thirty Years' War HRE Ferdinand II enters Bohemia, Protestant Bohemians get angry and name their own king, Frederick V (he later loses and disappears) Rebellion in Bohemia spreads to other parts of Europe -Rebellion drove imperial forces from Bohemia -Protestant Forces were decisively defeated at the battle of white mountain

Treaty of Nijmegen

(1678) signed by the French, specifically King Louis XIV, and the Dutch. Through this treaty, Louis obtained more land. This treaty is significant because it ended the 6 year long Dutch war, and expanded France.

Decline of Spain

-Bankruptcies in 1596 and 1607 -Philip III (1598-1621) -Phillip IV (1621-1665)

policies of the sun king

-Divine Right ruler -increased power of the bourbon family line led him to many expensive wars of expansion

The Seven Year War

-Resulted in Fred's Plotting -allied Prussia and England against France and Austria

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire

Dutch Republic and England

European countries under Constitutionalism (after the glorious revolution)

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. -Weakened the HRE, French continental supremacy -1/3 of the population died and 1/2 of the wealth of the German states was depleted -this decimation set the stage for the long term fragmentation of central Europe

Cromwell, Oliver

Advanced trade increased Englands power abroad

Test Act

An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Architect who built the Throne of St. Peter, St. Peter's Basilica, and the Ecstasy of St. Theresa

The wars of Louis XIV

As a result of 4 wars fought during Louis's reign France lost talented generals and was in a economical unsound situation

Louis XIII of France

Bourbon king of France and son of Henry IV. Probably more famous for his adviser, the Cardinal Richelieu and the growing centralization of power to the French monarchy during his reign.

Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia

Brandenburg is the nucleus of the Prussian kingdom - highly important - after gaining Great power status, it became the nucleus of a modern, united Germany

Phase Two

Broke out over type, of govt that should be established -Cromwell won due to control of the army

French Phase (1635-1648)

Catholic France comes to the aid of the German protestants -Rivalry with the HRE and french king cause french to side with the protestants

Actions of Louis XIII

Disbanded the standing armies destroyed fortified castles set up royal spy organizations crushed conspiracies with wholesale exectuions JOINED 30 YEARS WAR ON THE PROTESTANT SIDE TO WEAKEN THE HAPSBURGS

Practice of Absolutism

Divine right of kings "received authority from gods"

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.

Romanov Dynasty

Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917

French Mercantilism

Encouraged trade and commerce by trying to get rid of France of internal tariffs -maintained balance of trade to offset military expenses -Gallican Liberties

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic renewed peace of Augsburg Calvinism recognized as a legal religion -nullified edict of restitution whoever owned land in 1624 got it back -independence of Switzerland and Netherlands -Spain lost the Spanish Netherlands Comprises of Belgium and Luxembourg -Treaty Permanently weakened the HRE

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

Ended the War of Austrian Succession -MT Kept the austrian throne -Fred the great made only territorial gain

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Leopold I

Expands westward Turk conflicts, Siege of Vienna

James II (1685-1688)

Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy.

Spain and France

German states were no longer combatants -Spain and France fought on German soil -Both Nations looted and pillaged German Lands -Germans were helpless in stopping them THIS ENDED THE TREATY OF PYRENEES

wondrous age of theater

Golden age of Elizabethan literature

Artemisia Gentileschi

Judith Slaying Holofernes

Wars of Spanish Sucession

King designated Louis's grandson Philip as the Spanish heir and HRE Leopold Hapsburg thought this song had a stronger claim

Chateaux de Versailles

Kings residence and center of govt -had royal apartments were at the center of the complex

Wars of Devolution

Louis XIV claimed the Spainsh Netherlands as his Wife's unpaid dowry

Rise of Catherine the Great of Russia

Married to Peter III

HRE's Before, During and After

Matthias: 1612-1619 Ferdinand II: 1619-1637 Ferdinand III: 1637-1657

Civil war 1649

Parliament was split on how much authority should be curbed Charles used this to reassert control

Charles II

Parliment invited Charles to rule, he agreed to parliamentary controls on taxes cavalier passed a series of laws

Phase One

Parliments were victorious, commanded by Oliver Cromwell Split in parliment between who wanted restoration of a limited monarchy

Stalemate

Peace of Ryswick Louis retreated from most territories

Fredrick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

Frederick William I

Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization

Swedish and French war

Sweden attacked by Denmark in 1635 due to Denmark hoping to break the power of the Swedish empire -France sent troops -Cath France and Prot. Sweden VS. Cath HRE, Prot Denmark, and Cath Spain 1645: Denmark surrendered 1648: Germans called for a truce

The Danish Phase

The Danish period of the conflict began when King Christian IV (r. 1588-1648), the Lutheran ruler of Denmark supported the Protestants in 1625 against Ferdinand II.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

The swedish phase

The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts.

Jansenism

Theological movement that emphasized original sin, human depravity originated the work of Cornelius Jansen

William and Mary of Orange

They signed the English Bill of Rights and began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs, leading to a greater measure of personal liberty and democracy in Britain. This action both signaled the end of several centuries of tension and conflict between the crown and parliament, and the end of the idea that England would be restored to Roman Catholicism.

War with Scotland 1639

This is the result of Archbishop Laud forcing Scotland to follow Anglican practices.

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING THE STRONGEST ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN EUROPE Ferdinand had Wallenstein assassinated in 1634

Fronde Noble Revolts

This was a civil war in France. Parisian mobs used to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin The goal was to protect ancient liberties from royal encroachments

Ottoman Empire

Took over Turkey from the Byzantine Empire and strived to expand its borders into Eastern Europe, mainly fighting the Holy Roman Empire and its various princes throughout the Middle Ages. Constanople the center. Over time it started to shrink and grow weaker, it was dismantled after WWI.

Acadian War

War between competing governors of the French Province of Acadia -Port Royal was burned -Charles de saint- Etienne de la tour had been granted a territory by King Louis XIV and Charles de Menou had been granted another

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

War over the control of Austria due to the fact that Charles VI left Maria Theresa (a girl) as heir to the throne. Frederick II of Prussia invaded due to a want for Silesia and France helped him in order to humiliate their enemy (Austria.) Great Britain allied with Austria to prevent France from gaining more land. The colonies of F and GB began to fight also. Austria gave Silesia to Prussia and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war.

Fredrick William II

Was a ruler who was considered an Enlightened Despot because he took Voltaire's ideas in his ruling, he got rid of torture, gave his people religious freedom and had a free press. He also simplified laws so his people could understand them. -Gained independence of Prussia by entering the war -HRE Granted Prussian Independence

Great Northern War

a war where Russia's victory under Peter the Great leads to control over Baltic Sea-beat Sweden Tried to change customs and tradition of Russian citizens by banning forms of dress, changing number system and reforming Russian education

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Treaty of Dover

alliance between England and France by which Charles II promised to convert to Catholicism in return for funds from France

Mannerism

an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

witchcraft zone

before sixteenth and seventeenth century -increase in executions -accusations against witches -social conditions -religion uncertainty *many Women were vitctims

Baroque

characterized by extravagancy and complexity

Declaration of Indulgence

document that suspended English laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant non-conformists

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 established that residents of a state were subject to laws of that state radically altered the balance of power in Europe

Classicism

the principles and styles admired in the classics of Greek and Roman literature, such as objectivity, sensibility, restraint, and formality

Diplomatic Revolution

the time of changing alliances between the war of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, France allied with Austria and Russia, while Prussia is allied with Great Britain

Treaty of Hubertusburg of 1763

treaty between Prussia and Austria ending the Seven years' War in Germany. Signed five days after the Treaty of Paris, it guaranteed that Frederick ll the Great maintained his possession of Silesia and confirmed Prussia's stature as a major European power.

England under cromwell

voted to execute Charles I Declared England a "common wealth" Friction developed with parliment