Chapter 16 A&P

Which of the following statements is true? The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to 1. an increase in metabolic activity. 2. contraction of airway smooth muscle. 3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.

1 and 3

Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements?

Huntington's disease

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs.

REM

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except

XII.

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

a sweat gland

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

abdominopelvic

Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because

acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase.

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

adrenal medullae.

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

adrenergic.

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves.

alpha

Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter ACh is

always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except

anterograde amnesia.

Muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine.

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be

autonomic blocking agents.

Nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called

autonomic plexuses.

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

beta-1 adrenergic

Which of the following is not innervated by the celiac ganglia?

bladder

The adrenal medullae secrete

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

cardiac plexus.

Most long-term memories are stored in the

cerebral cortex.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

chain

The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic

chain.

All parasympathetic neurons are

cholinergic.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia.

collateral

The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called ________ ganglia.

collateral

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is

coma.

Sympathetic nerves

contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers.

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose.

The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division.

craniosacral

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

decreased blood pressure

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except

decreased heart rate.

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?

digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

digestive tract.

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

dilation of the airways.

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

dual

Identify the structure labeled "6."

ganglionic neuron

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it

has a clear genetic basis.

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?

hippocampus

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the

hypothalamus.

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

increased heart rate and force of contraction.

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include all of the following except

increased memory storage.

Parasympathetic stimulation

increases gastric motility.

Nicotine poisoning differs from muscarine poisoning in that

it causes skeletal muscle convulsions.

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called

memory consolidation.

Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the

midbrain.

What neurotransmitter is released from most varicosities in the sympathetic division? (Figure 16-4)

norepinephrine

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."

parasympathetic

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

parasympathetic division of the ANS

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron.

preganglionic

Autonomic disorders would not cause

problems related to skeletal muscle function.

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?

pupillary reflex

The conscious state is maintained by the

reticular activating system.

An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called

senile dementia.

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes.

short

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons.

short; myelinated

Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS?

skeletal muscle system

The somatic nervous system affects skeletal muscles. Name effectors of the autonomic nervous system. (Figure 16-1)

smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

splanchnic nerves.

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by

stimulating serotonin receptors.

The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps."

sympathetic

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

sympathetic chain ganglia.

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

sympathetic stimulation is increased.

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are

sympathomimetic.

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories.

tertiary

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

thoracolumbar division

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Postganglionic axons usually are

unmyelinated.

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s).

vagus

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called

varicosities.