Chapter 17: Speciation and Macroevolution

Several species of Caribbean Anoline lizards have evolved from a single ancestral species. The species occupy a wide variety of ecological niches, such as tree trunks and the ground, or tree trunks only, or tree trunks and the crown of trees, etc. This type of allopatric speciation is called A. adaptive radiation. B. alloploidy. C. autoploidy. D. hybridization.

A. adaptive radiation.

Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by the pattern of their flashings, while male crickets are recognized by females of their species by their chirping. These are examples of ____. A. behavioral isolation B. habitat isolation C. temporal isolation D. mechanical isolation

A. behavioral isolation

Adaptive radiation occurs when organisms A. exploit a variety of new environments. B. remain in the same, stable environment. C. undergo autoploidy and alloploidy. D. occupy the same habitat as their ancestral species.

A. exploit a variety of new environments.

A cross between a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule. Mules are an example of A. hybrid infertility. B. temporal isolation. C. gametic isolation. D. zygote mortality.

A. hybrid infertility.

If diagnostic traits are the same, fossils are considered to be A. members of the same species. B. distantly related. C. related, but not in the same family. D. unrelated, but showing signs of convergent evolution.

A. members of the same species.

Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as A. prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. B. a lack of F2 fitness. C. postzygotic isolating mechanisms. D. A and B are correct. E. None of the above.

A. prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.

Reinforcement would eventually A. reduce the formation of hybrids. B. favor and therefore increase the formation of hybrids. C. have no effect on hybrid formation. D. increase the fitness of hybrids.

A. reduce the formation of hybrids.

The biological species concept relies mainly on ___________ to define a species. A. reproductive isolation B. morphological differences C. the presence of analogous traits D. comparative biochemical analysis

A. reproductive isolation

Which figure depicts a punctuated equilibrium model of evolution? A. Figure A B. Figure B

B. Figure B

Female Anolis distinguish males of their species by the color of their dewlap, a colorful flap of skin in the neck region. This is an example of A. a postzygotic isolating mechanism. B. a prezygotic isolating mechanism. C. temporal isolation. D. hybrid inviability.

B. a prezygotic isolating mechanism.

Members of the ancestral salamander species live in northern California. As they migrate southward, populations are separated by the Central Valley. With limited contact between populations on the east and west of the valley, genetic differences accumulate. What type of speciation occurs under these conditions? A. sympatric speciation B. allopatric speciation C. both sympatric and allopatric speciation D. neither sympatric or allopatric

B. allopatric speciation

What type of speciation requires a geographic barrier? A. sympatric speciation B. allopatric speciation C. both sympatric and allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier D. neither sympatric or allopatric speciation require a geographic barriers

B. allopatric speciation

A major advantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it A. relies primarily on reproductive isolation to identify species. B. applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species. C. uses morphological traits to distinguish species. D. is the same as the classic biological species concept.

B. applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species.

In which model of evolution are many transitional forms predicted? A. punctuated equilibrium B. gradualistic C. Neither A or B. D. Both A and B.

B. gradualistic

Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region. These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water, while the other species spends most of its time on land. This is known as A. behavioral isolation. B. habitat isolation. C. temporal isolation. D. zygote mortality.

B. habitat isolation.

Reinforcement is more likely to occur when A. hybrids are more fit than members of the parent species. B. hybrids are less fit than members of the parent species. C. there are no differences between the fitness of the parent species and hybrids. D. None of the above are true.

B. hybrids are less fit than members of the parent species.

Evolutionary change above the species level is referred to as _________, whereas evolutionary changes below the species level is known as ____________. A. convergent; divergent B. macroevolution; microevolution C. microevolution; macroevolution D. punctuated; gradualistic

B. macroevolution; microevolution

In speciation which of the following is mismatched? A. allopatric speciation-geographic isolation B. sympatric speciation-geographic isolation C. adaptive radiation-chance for new species to adapt to new habitats D. post-zygotic isolation-hybrid offspring sterility

B. sympatric speciation-geographic isolation

Plant species A has a diploid number of 28 chromosomes, while Plant species B has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Species A and B produce a hybrid through alloploidy. The diploid number of chromosomes of the hybrid is A. 28. B. 14. C. 42. D. 21.

C. 42.

________ prevent hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born, it is infertile. A. Prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms B. Temporal isolation mechanisms C. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms D. A and B are correct. E. None of the above.

C. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Descriptions of new species of insects are more likely to contain diagrams of the shape of the male genitalia than head, wing, or leg parts. Why? A. This is where mutations usually express themselves in animals. B. Radiation damage to genes usually occurs in genitalia. C. Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head, wing, and leg morphology. D. Arthropods have hard exoskeletons so head, wing, and leg structures can't vary as much. E. This is the convention or custom of entomology.

C. Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head, wing, and leg morphology.

The evolutionary species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits, called ______, to distinguish one species from another. A. analogous traits B. homologous traits C. diagnostic traits D. convergent traits

C. diagnostic traits

Some genes can bring about radical changes in body shape and organs. The Pax6 gene is one such gene and is involved in A. determining the location of repeated structures in all vertebrates. B. the development of limbs. C. eye formation in all animals. D. breast cancer.

C. eye formation in all animals.

In some plants, the sperm can not reach the egg because the stigma prevents formation of the pollen tubes. This is an example of A. temporal isolation. B. behavioral isolation. C. gametic isolation. D. mechanical isolation.

C. gametic isolation.

Sympatric speciation in plants, as a result of _______, is well documented. A. any type of geographic barrier B. a series of islands off of a mainland C. polyploidy D. mountain ranges

C. polyploidy

A major disadvantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it A. relies primarily on reproductive isolation to identify species. B. applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species. C. uses morphological traits to distinguish species. D. is the same as the classic biological species concept.

C. uses morphological traits to distinguish species.

A _____ is the first cell that results when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. A. spermatogonium B. gastrula C. zygote D. blastula

C. zygote

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) are different species. Occasionally, mating occurs if the two species are kept together in captivity. The resulting pregnancies are not successful and the embryos die. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation. B. hybrid sterility. C. zygote mortality. D. lack of F2 fitness.

C. zygote mortality.

When a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis, what occurs? A. Autoploidy is occurring. B. An increase in the number of chromosomes above the parent species occurs. C. A triploid or tetraploid plant may occur. D. All of the above are true.

D. All of the above are true.

The biological species concept is limited, and may not be applied to A. asexually reproducing organisms. B. organisms known only in the fossil record. C. species that could possibly interbreed if they lived near one another. D. All of the above. E. A and C only.

D. All of the above.

Reproductive isolation A. means there is no gene flow between two groups of organisms (species). B. is necessary for species to remain separate. C. is maintained by certain prezygotic and postzygotic barriers. D. All of the choices are correct. E. A and B only.

D. All of the choices are correct.

______ is when one species splits into two species or when one species transforms into another over time. A. Reproductive isolation B. Convergent evolution C. The founder effect D. Speciation E. Both A and D are correct.

D. Speciation

In ________, proteins on the surface of the sperm are not able to bind to proteins on the surface of the egg. A. temporal isolation B. behavioral isolation C. mechanical isolation D. gametic isolation

D. gametic isolation

All of the following statements concerning the evolutionary species concept are true EXCEPT A. an abrupt change in the diagnostic traits of fossils is indicative of the evolution of a new species. B. fossils are considered to be members of the same species if they possess the same diagnostic traits. C. certain structural traits, called diagnostic traits, are used to distinguish one species from another. D. members of a species may actually have quite dissimilar evolutionary pathways.

D. members of a species may actually have quite dissimilar evolutionary pathways.

Scientists developed the ____________ model after their studies of the fossil record revealed that some species appear quite suddenly and then remain essentially unchanged phenotypically for a long period of time. A. Hardy-Weinberg B. Urey-Miller C. gradualistic D. punctuated equilibrium

D. punctuated equilibrium

The process in which natural selection favors the continual development of prezygotic isolating mechanisms is called A. disruptive selection. B. sympatric speciation. C. mutation. D. reinforcement.

D. reinforcement.

An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range. The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed, producing fertile offspring, but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier. When glaciers move southward, the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated. While isolated, the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass, they no longer mate at the same time, nor can they produce fertile offspring. These insects A. began as one species and therefore remain one species. B. were originally two species and remain two species. C. were originally two species but are now one species. D. were originally one species but are now two species. E. The number of species cannot be determined from the information given.

D. were originally one species but are now two species.

Once members of a species are geographically isolated, what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time? A. natural selection B. genetic drift C. new mutations D. A and B only. E. All of the above are correct.

E. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following would result in reproductive isolation? A. Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features, but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males. B. Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms. C. One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years) and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots. D. A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

The Greek root words meaning "together" and "fatherland" are the basis for the term A. prezygotic. B. adaptive radiation. C. speciation. D. allopatric. E. sympatric.

E. sympatric.

Diagnostic traits can be used to distinguish between species of living organisms only. True False

False

A reproductive isolation mechanism includes any structural, functional, or behavioral characteristic that blocks reproductive ability. True False

True

Animal diversity is due to variations in the expression of ancient genes in addition to the evolution of new and different genes. True False

True

Male birds often perform a special dance or set of physical displays to attract females. This would be an example of a behavioral isolation mechanism. True False

True

The DNA base sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene has been used in addition to the biological species concept to identify species. True False

True

The evolutionary species concept assumes that the members of a species are reproductively isolated. True False

True