Chapter 17 study guide questions
The ______ test uses fluorescently labeled antibodies and a fluorescence microscope to detect specific antigens.
fluorescent antibody (FA)
Which of the following are inactivated vaccines
polysaccharide vaccine , subunit vaccine, toxoid
The tuberculin skin test detects
a cell-mediated response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins
A preparation of serum containing protective antibodies is called
antiserum
All of the following are true about attenuated agents EXCEPT ______.
they only induce immunity after several doses
The concentration of specific antibodies is referred to as the ______.
titer
The is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody.
titer
______antibodies (mAbs) recognize only a single epitope.
monoclonal
In the ______ agglutination test, the antibodies or antigens are attached to large particles to make the aggregates more visible.
passive
Indirect fa test
pathogensDetect antibodies against certain pathogens
Many inactivated vaccines contain a(n) ______ that enhances the immune response to antigens.
Adjuvant
In a(n) ________ reaction, antibodies cross-link relatively large particles such as cells, resulting in visible clumping.
Aggulation
Antiserum is a preparation of serum that includes protective ______.
Antibodies
Vaccination is an example of
Artificial immunity
Antiserum injection is an example of acquired immunity.
Artificially & passive
Antiserum injection is an example of
Artificially acquired & passive immunity
Diseases that are caused by the immune system attacking "self" molecules or cells are called diseases.
Autoimmune
To make monoclonal antibodies, lymphocytes must be fused with cells that divide repeatedly in culture.
B
Monoclonal antibodies are made by cells that result from the fusion of ______ and ______ cells.
B lymphocytes; cells that will divide repeatedly in culture
Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from ______.
Breastfeeding
Artificially acquired immunity
Choice, Immunity acquired through unnatural events such as immunization.Immunity acquired through unnatural events such as immunization.
whole agent vaccines
Contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses
Immunomodulators that are approved by the FDA to treat cancers include the following general categories: , adjuvants, and inhibitors.
Cytokines & checkpoint
Labeled antibodies can be used to detect a given bacterium or antigen as a way of identifying that antigen. Such tests are divided into two main groups: _______.
Direct &indirect
VLP vaccine-
Empty capsids
True or false: Vaccines cause autism.
False
In the fluorescent antibody (FA) test, a microscope is used to detect a labeled antibody that is bound to an antigen.
Fluorescent
Natural acquired immunity infection
Immunity acquired through normal events such as infection.
The process of inducing immunity, called , has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.
Immunization
Medical interventions that modify the immune response as a means to prevent or treat disease are termed .
Immunotherapies
Medical interventions that modify the immune response as a means to prevent or treat disease are termed .
Immunotherapy
Toxoxids
Inactivated toxins that retain antigenic epitopes
Which of the following statements is true about the Sabin vaccine against poliomyelitis?
It is an attenuated vaccine & It is also called the oral polio vaccine (OPV).
subunit vaccines
Key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen
In modern clinical and research laboratories, the most common types of immunoassays rely on _____
Labeled antibodies
immunity results from the protective action of antibodies produced by other people or animals.
MmPassive
Antibody preparations that recognize only a single epitope are called ______ antibodies.
Monoclonal
acquired immunity results from normal events (e.g., infection), and acquired immunity results from human-made events (e.g., immunization).
Natural & Artificial
Which type of immunoassay is typically the most sensitive?
One that uses labeled antibodies
A vaccine contains T-independent antigens from bacterial capsules, and so elicits a poor response in young children.
Polysaccharides
Which of the following vaccines is only composed of T-independent antigens from bacterial capsules?
Polysaccharides
In serological testing, antigen-antibody aggregates can be observed by of red blood cells and in reactions involving soluble antigens.
Precipitation & Agglutination
Subunit vaccines produced using genetically engineered microorganisms are called ______ subunit vaccines
Recombinant
Sabin-oral administration
Salk-matches
Which of the following vaccines is composed of empty capsids?
VLP (virus-like particle)
A vaccine contains empty capsids that are produced by genetically engineered organisms.
Vlp
Substances added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response are called .
adjuvant
Antigen-antibody aggregates can be observed in ______ reactions.
agglutination & precipitation
Artificially acquired passive immunity
antibodies Injection of another person's antibodies
Direct immunoassays involve the use of labeled ______ to detect specific ______ that have been bound to a solid surface.
antibodies; antigens
Immunoassays can be direct or indirect. In direct immunoassays, labeled antibodies are used to detect the presence of specific that have been attached to a solid surface.
antigens
Diseases that are caused by the immune system attacking "self" molecules or cells are called diseases.
autoimmune
To make monoclonal antibodies, lymphocytes must be fused with cells that divide repeatedly in culture.
b
The term immunotherapy is primarily used in the context of ____
cancer
The term immunotherapy is primarily used in the context of ______.
cancer
Direct fa test
direct certain microorganisms
The serological test shown in this figure is a(n) ______.
direct immunoassay
With respect to vaccine options, an inactivated vaccine typically ______.
elicits a limited immune response, provides relatively short-term protection, requires multiple doses
A(n) ______ is a serological test that uses antibodies with an enzyme attached to them.
elisa
Which of the following techniques can be used to count and separate cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies?
facs & question
True or false: Bacterial cultures are used to obtain polyclonal antibodies.
false
Naturally acquired passive immunity
fetus Mother's IgG antibodies crossing the placenta and protecting the fetus
Fluorescently labeled cells can be counted and separated by a technique called , or FACS.
fluorescence, activated, cell, sorter or sorting
The process of inducing immunity, called , has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.
immunization
What are the two main types of immunotherapies available to treat autoimmune diseases?
immunomodulators & monoclonal antibodies
A(n) vaccine can be a nonviable whole pathogenic agent, a subunit of the agent, or a toxin. It retains the immunogenicity of the pathogen or toxin but is unable to replicate
inactivated
A(n) vaccine can be a nonviable whole pathogenic agent, a subunit of the agent, or a toxin. It retains the immunogenicity of the pathogen or toxin but is unable to replicate.
inactivated
Vaccines that contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses are ______ vaccines
inactivated whole agent
Vaccines that contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses are ______ vaccines.
inactivated whole agent
In ________immunoassays, a labeled secondary antibody is used to detect a primary antibody bound to a known antigen.
indirect
This image illustrates the first steps of a(n) immunoassay for antigen-antibody interactions.
indirect
Because the attenuated strain replicates in the vaccine recipient, causing an infection with undetectable or mild disease, an attenuated vaccine typically ______.
induces the appropriate type of immune response to the pathogen results in long-lasting immunity
______ are used to obtain known antibodies that bind to a given infectious agent.
laboratory animals
A(n) vaccine is a subunit vaccine produced using genetically engineered microorganisms.
recombinant
A(n) vaccine contains key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen, and in some cases is produced using genetic engineering.
subunit
____ vaccines are composed of only the cellular or viral proteins that are most important in triggering an immune response.
subunit
In modern clinical and research laboratories, the most common types of immunoassays rely on _____
the unlabeled primary antibody
A vaccine that contains inactivated toxins which have kept their immunogenicity is called a(n) vaccine.
toxoid
______ vaccines contain inactivated toxins that retain their antigenic epitopes.
toxoid
True or false: The process of inducing immunity is called immunization, and it has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.
true
For the skin test (PPD test or Mantoux test), a purified protein derivative (PPD) is injected into the upper layers of the skin to test for infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
tuberlin
Artificially acquired active immunity
vaccination Exposure to antigen by vaccination
Active immunity can result from ______.
vaccination and infection
A(n) is a preparation of a pathogen or its products used to induce an active immune response.
vaccine
An inactivated vaccine contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses that retain their immunogenicity.
whole agent