Chapter 17 study guide questions

The ______ test uses fluorescently labeled antibodies and a fluorescence microscope to detect specific antigens.

fluorescent antibody (FA)

Which of the following are inactivated vaccines

polysaccharide vaccine , subunit vaccine, toxoid

The tuberculin skin test detects

a cell-mediated response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins

A preparation of serum containing protective antibodies is called

antiserum

All of the following are true about attenuated agents EXCEPT ______.

they only induce immunity after several doses

The concentration of specific antibodies is referred to as the ______.

titer

The is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody.

titer

______antibodies (mAbs) recognize only a single epitope.

monoclonal

In the ______ agglutination test, the antibodies or antigens are attached to large particles to make the aggregates more visible.

passive

Indirect fa test

pathogensDetect antibodies against certain pathogens

Many inactivated vaccines contain a(n) ______ that enhances the immune response to antigens.

Adjuvant

In a(n) ________ reaction, antibodies cross-link relatively large particles such as cells, resulting in visible clumping.

Aggulation

Antiserum is a preparation of serum that includes protective ______.

Antibodies

Vaccination is an example of

Artificial immunity

Antiserum injection is an example of acquired immunity.

Artificially & passive

Antiserum injection is an example of

Artificially acquired & passive immunity

Diseases that are caused by the immune system attacking "self" molecules or cells are called diseases.

Autoimmune

To make monoclonal antibodies, lymphocytes must be fused with cells that divide repeatedly in culture.

B

Monoclonal antibodies are made by cells that result from the fusion of ______ and ______ cells.

B lymphocytes; cells that will divide repeatedly in culture

Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from ______.

Breastfeeding

Artificially acquired immunity

Choice, Immunity acquired through unnatural events such as immunization.Immunity acquired through unnatural events such as immunization.

whole agent vaccines

Contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses

Immunomodulators that are approved by the FDA to treat cancers include the following general categories: , adjuvants, and inhibitors.

Cytokines & checkpoint

Labeled antibodies can be used to detect a given bacterium or antigen as a way of identifying that antigen. Such tests are divided into two main groups: _______.

Direct &indirect

VLP vaccine-

Empty capsids

True or false: Vaccines cause autism.

False

In the fluorescent antibody (FA) test, a microscope is used to detect a labeled antibody that is bound to an antigen.

Fluorescent

Natural acquired immunity infection

Immunity acquired through normal events such as infection.

The process of inducing immunity, called , has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.

Immunization

Medical interventions that modify the immune response as a means to prevent or treat disease are termed .

Immunotherapies

Medical interventions that modify the immune response as a means to prevent or treat disease are termed .

Immunotherapy

Toxoxids

Inactivated toxins that retain antigenic epitopes

Which of the following statements is true about the Sabin vaccine against poliomyelitis?

It is an attenuated vaccine & It is also called the oral polio vaccine (OPV).

subunit vaccines

Key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen

In modern clinical and research laboratories, the most common types of immunoassays rely on _____

Labeled antibodies

immunity results from the protective action of antibodies produced by other people or animals.

MmPassive

Antibody preparations that recognize only a single epitope are called ______ antibodies.

Monoclonal

acquired immunity results from normal events (e.g., infection), and acquired immunity results from human-made events (e.g., immunization).

Natural & Artificial

Which type of immunoassay is typically the most sensitive?

One that uses labeled antibodies

A vaccine contains T-independent antigens from bacterial capsules, and so elicits a poor response in young children.

Polysaccharides

Which of the following vaccines is only composed of T-independent antigens from bacterial capsules?

Polysaccharides

In serological testing, antigen-antibody aggregates can be observed by of red blood cells and in reactions involving soluble antigens.

Precipitation & Agglutination

Subunit vaccines produced using genetically engineered microorganisms are called ______ subunit vaccines

Recombinant

Sabin-oral administration

Salk-matches

Which of the following vaccines is composed of empty capsids?

VLP (virus-like particle)

A vaccine contains empty capsids that are produced by genetically engineered organisms.

Vlp

Substances added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response are called .

adjuvant

Antigen-antibody aggregates can be observed in ______ reactions.

agglutination & precipitation

Artificially acquired passive immunity

antibodies Injection of another person's antibodies

Direct immunoassays involve the use of labeled ______ to detect specific ______ that have been bound to a solid surface.

antibodies; antigens

Immunoassays can be direct or indirect. In direct immunoassays, labeled antibodies are used to detect the presence of specific that have been attached to a solid surface.

antigens

Diseases that are caused by the immune system attacking "self" molecules or cells are called diseases.

autoimmune

To make monoclonal antibodies, lymphocytes must be fused with cells that divide repeatedly in culture.

b

The term immunotherapy is primarily used in the context of ____

cancer

The term immunotherapy is primarily used in the context of ______.

cancer

Direct fa test

direct certain microorganisms

The serological test shown in this figure is a(n) ______.

direct immunoassay

With respect to vaccine options, an inactivated vaccine typically ______.

elicits a limited immune response, provides relatively short-term protection, requires multiple doses

A(n) ______ is a serological test that uses antibodies with an enzyme attached to them.

elisa

Which of the following techniques can be used to count and separate cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies?

facs & question

True or false: Bacterial cultures are used to obtain polyclonal antibodies.

false

Naturally acquired passive immunity

fetus Mother's IgG antibodies crossing the placenta and protecting the fetus

Fluorescently labeled cells can be counted and separated by a technique called , or FACS.

fluorescence, activated, cell, sorter or sorting

The process of inducing immunity, called , has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.

immunization

What are the two main types of immunotherapies available to treat autoimmune diseases?

immunomodulators & monoclonal antibodies

A(n) vaccine can be a nonviable whole pathogenic agent, a subunit of the agent, or a toxin. It retains the immunogenicity of the pathogen or toxin but is unable to replicate

inactivated

A(n) vaccine can be a nonviable whole pathogenic agent, a subunit of the agent, or a toxin. It retains the immunogenicity of the pathogen or toxin but is unable to replicate.

inactivated

Vaccines that contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses are ______ vaccines

inactivated whole agent

Vaccines that contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses are ______ vaccines.

inactivated whole agent

In ________immunoassays, a labeled secondary antibody is used to detect a primary antibody bound to a known antigen.

indirect

This image illustrates the first steps of a(n) immunoassay for antigen-antibody interactions.

indirect

Because the attenuated strain replicates in the vaccine recipient, causing an infection with undetectable or mild disease, an attenuated vaccine typically ______.

induces the appropriate type of immune response to the pathogen results in long-lasting immunity

______ are used to obtain known antibodies that bind to a given infectious agent.

laboratory animals

A(n) vaccine is a subunit vaccine produced using genetically engineered microorganisms.

recombinant

A(n) vaccine contains key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen, and in some cases is produced using genetic engineering.

subunit

____ vaccines are composed of only the cellular or viral proteins that are most important in triggering an immune response.

subunit

In modern clinical and research laboratories, the most common types of immunoassays rely on _____

the unlabeled primary antibody

A vaccine that contains inactivated toxins which have kept their immunogenicity is called a(n) vaccine.

toxoid

______ vaccines contain inactivated toxins that retain their antigenic epitopes.

toxoid

True or false: The process of inducing immunity is called immunization, and it has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.

true

For the skin test (PPD test or Mantoux test), a purified protein derivative (PPD) is injected into the upper layers of the skin to test for infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

tuberlin

Artificially acquired active immunity

vaccination Exposure to antigen by vaccination

Active immunity can result from ______.

vaccination and infection

A(n) is a preparation of a pathogen or its products used to induce an active immune response.

vaccine

An inactivated vaccine contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses that retain their immunogenicity.

whole agent