chapter 19

Lancefield classification

- divided into serotypes based on bacteria's antigens - groups A and B include significant human pathogens -Streptococcus

Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors

-Surface antigens of S. pyogenes mimic host proteins -Surface antigens protect the organism from being affected by lysozyme -Streptolysin O and streptolysin S: injure cells and tissues -Some streptococcal toxins act as superantigens

systemic diseases of Staphylococcus

-Toxic shock syndrome -bacteremia -endocaditis -pneumonia -osteomyelitis

scarlett fever

-can occur following streptococcal phayrngitis infections -chest rash develops that spreads across the body- sloughing of skin

Clostriudium perfringens

-causes food poisoning -causes gas gangrene

Cord factor in TB

-cell wall component produced by virulent strains of M. tuberculosis -inhibits phagocyte migration and is toxic to mammalian cells

epidemiology of S. agalactiae

-colonizes the GI, genital, and urinary tracts -disease occurs w wound infections and childbirth causes most adult infections -newborns often inoculated at birth

How to prevent anthrax

-control of disease in animals -effective vaccines available -requires multiple doses and boosters

treatment of enterococcus

-difficult to treat -often resistant to antimicrobials

cutaneous diseases of Staphylococcus

-due to exotoxins -various skin conditions: scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis

Clostridium tetani

-endospores are ubiquitous in soil, dust, and GI tract of animals and humans, enter anaerobic environment, germinate, grow and produce potent neurotoxin -continuous muscle conditions

Diagnosis of S. pneumoniae

-gram stain of sputum smears -confirmed w quellung reaction

how are group B strep distinguished from group A

-group specific cell wall antigens -smaller zone of beta hemolysis -resistant to bacitracin

how to prevent tuberculosis

-immunization where TB is common but not in the US -efficacy of the vaccine is not clear

Pharyngitis

-inflammation of the pharynx -accompanied by fever, malaise, and headache -"strep throat"

S. agalactiae pathogenicity

-often infects newborns w out specific antibodies -produces enzymes whose roles are not yet understood

pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae

-polysaccharide capsule prevents digestion after endocytosis -phosphorylcholine: stimulates cells to phagocytize the bacteria to hide inside the cells -protein adhesion: a protein that mediates binding of cells to epithelial cells of pharynx -secretes enzymes and proteins that counteracts w immune system

prevention of enterococcus

-prevention is difficult in health care setting -patients often have weakend immune systms -good hygeine and aseptic techniques minimize transmissions

Group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus: Streptococcus pyogenes Pathogenicity:

-produces enzymes and toxins -streptokinase -hyaluronidase -streptolysins

disseminated tuberculosis

-results when infection spreads throughout the body -symptoms arise due to complications at the various sites

Diagnosis of S. pyogenes

-skin infections diagnosed by the presence of gram positive bacteria in short chains or pairs -rapid strep test used to diagnose resp infections -streptococci in pharynx are not diagnostic

how to diagnose tuberculosis

-skin test identifies possible exposure -chest x-rays identify individuals w active disease

pathogencity of Staphylococcus results from what 3 factors

-structures that enable it to evade phagocytosis -production of enzymes -production of toxins

What is gas gangrene?

-trauma introduced endospores into body -endospores germinate and produce toxins that cause necrosis -removal of dead tissue, administer antitoxin and penicillin

tb kills how many people annually

2 million

What percent of patients are estimated to die from the disease? (Necrotizing Fasciitis)

20%

It is estimated that _____ of the world's population may be infected with tuberculosis. 1% 75% 5% 33%

33%

Based on its Gram status, why are penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae? A.) Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram positive organism and does not have an outer membrane. B.) Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram negative organism and does not have an outer membrane. C.) Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram positive organism and has an outer membrane. D.) Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram negative organism and has an outer membrane.

A

Lance's physician administered a tuberculin test to determine whether Lance had been infected during his flight from South Africa. How was this test performed? A.) A small amount of cell wall material from Mycobacterium tuberculosis was injected into Lance's forearm skin. B.) Lance's blood was drawn and examined for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. C.) An X-ray film of Lance's lungs was taken. D.) A sputum specimen from Lance was cultured for possible growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A

S. pyogenes is what group

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae is found as part of the normal microbiota of the mouth and pharynx and yet can cause disease in some people when it is inhaled into lungs. Why do you think this is? A.) If Streptococcus pneumoniae is inhaled from the nasopharynx into lungs damaged by a previous viral infection or in an immune compromised person, it can flourish. B.) The environment in the lungs is more favorable for Streptococcus pneumoniae than the nasopharynx. C.) If Streptococcus pneumoniae is inhaled deeply enough into the lungs, there are receptors present to which the bacteria can adhere. D.) There is less immune system surveillance in the lungs compared to the nasopharynx.

A

The pneumococcal vaccine was made using the purified capsular material from 23 common strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it is not effective against all strains. Why is this? A.) It cannot cover all the strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae because not all strains have the same antigens on their surface. B.) If a person is infected with a strain other than the 23 used to make the vaccine, it may not be recognized by neutrophils. C.) If a person is infected with a strain other than the 23 used to make the vaccine, it may not be recognized by the natural killer (NK) cells of the immune system. D.) It cannot cover all the strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae because not all strains have the same type of cell wall.

A

Lancefield groups __ and __ include the significant human pathogens

A and B

fungus shaped high G+C bacterium

Actinmyocetes Nocardia

Why are antimicrobial drugs of limited usefulness in Bacillus anthracis infections? B. anthracis grows so slowly that it is hard to kill using antimicrobial drugs. Anthrax toxin is absorbed into the bloodstream very quickly. Most strains of B. anthracis are resistant to a wide variety of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial drugs are unable to neutralize anthrax toxin.

Antimicrobial drugs are unable to neutralize anthrax toxin.

S. agalactia is what group

B

Which of the following lists the criteria for a diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus infection? A.)Staphylococcus aureus cultures are coagulase negative, catalase positive, white colonies that are composed of Gram-positive cocci. B.)Staphylococcus aureus cultures are coagulase positive, catalase positive, yellow colonies that are composed of Gram-positive cocci. C.)Staphylococcus aureus cultures are coagulase positive, catalase negative, translucent colonies that are composed of Gram-positive cocci. D.)Staphylococcus aureus cultures are coagulase positive, catalase positive, yellow colonies that are composed of Gram-positive bacilli.

B

What is the name of the vaccine given to prevent TB in countries where it is endemic? DTaP vaccine BCG vaccine RTS vaccine Pneumovax vaccine

BCG vaccine

large, nonmotile, gram-positive bacilli in lung or skin samples -what does this describe

Bacillus

rod shaped low G+C bacteria

Bacillus Clostridium Listeria Mycoplasma

Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause disease only when a capsule is present. Why is the presence of a capsule considered a virulence factor? A.) Streptococcus pneumoniae cannot adhere to the cells of the host without a capsule. B.) Streptococcus pneumoniae cannot migrate from the nasopharynx to other areas of the body without a capsule. C.) The capsule prevents the bacterium from being digested after endocytosis in the cells of the host. D.) The capsule prevents the bacterium from releasing chemicals that announce its presence to the host's immune system.

C

The BCG vaccine is available to immunize people against tuberculosis. Had Lance been vaccinated, he would not have been concerned about becoming infected on the airplane. Why was he NOT vaccinated? A.) The vaccine provides immune protection only for a low percentage of people. B.) The vaccine requires repeated booster shots because the immune protection is short lived. C.) Immunized patients have a positive skin reaction when tested, even if they have not been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Such "false positive results" hinder the work of epidemiologists trying to track the spread of the disease. D.)Use of the vaccine in large populations results in the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

C

toxins bind to neurons irreversibly and prevent muscle contractions

C. botulinum

what prevents muscle contractions

C. botulinum

pseudomembrane colitis, caused by toxins is associated with?

C. diff

what is a member of the intestinal flora, and is an opportunistic pathogen

C. diff

what causes constant muscle contractions

C. tetani

botulism

Clostridium botulinum

what is one of the deadliest foodborne toxin

Clostridium botulinum

Which of the following bacteria can cause life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis? Enterococcus species Streptococcus pyogenes Clostridium botulinum Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile

gas gangrene

Clostridium perfringens

What causes diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Based on its Gram status, why are penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae? A.) Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram negative organism and does not have an outer membrane. B.) Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram negative organism and has an outer membrane. C.) Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram positive organism and has an outer membrane. D.) Beta lactam antibiotics are effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae because it is a Gram positive organism and does not have an outer membrane.

D

Streptococcus pneumoniae was originally named Diplococcus pneumoniae. Why was the genus name Diplococcus originally given to this organism? A.) The prefix "di- "means two and on agar plates, the colonies are found in groups of two. B.) The prefix "di-" means four, and these organisms are usually found in groups of four under the microscope. C.) The prefix "di- "means four, and on agar plates, the colonies are found in groups of four. D.) The prefix "di-" means two, and these organisms are usually found in pairs under the microscope.

D

2 species of Enterococcus that cause disease in humans

E. faecalis E. faecium

During a stay in the hospital, an accident victim develops symptoms of bacteremia. A blood sample shows the presence of Gram-positive cocci in pairs. Lab tests determine that the bacteria are nonhemolytic and bile salt tolerant. The bacteremia is likely due to Mycoplasma. Staphylococcus. Enterococcus. Streptococcus.

Enterococcus

listerosis

Found on deli/ready to eat meats

Propionibacterium belongs to what group

High G+C bacteria -rod

Streptococcus are often categorized by

Lancefiled classification

__________ is an antiphagocytic factor and helps S. pyogenes attach to nose and throat cells. M protein Deoxyribonuclease Hyaluronidase Streptolysin

M protein

what grows inside macrophages

M. tuberculosis

Vancomycin is used to treat

MRSA

MRSA is resistant to

Methicillin

Leprosy is caused by

Mycobacterium leprae

Where is mycolic acid found?

Mycobacterium species

Fried egg appearance on culture

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

What causes walking pneumonia?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Secondary or reactivated tuberculosis

Reestablishment of active infection after period of dormancy

B-lactamase

Resistance to penicillins

Primary Tuberculosis

Results from the initial infection with M. tuberculosis

-colonizes the GI, genital, and urinary tracts -disease occurs w wound infections and childbirth causes most adult infections -newborns often inoculated at birth

S. agalactiae

resistant to bacitracin

S. agalactiae

what causes neonatal bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia

S. agalactiae (group B)

what is primarily found in moist skin folds

S. aureus

what are the 2 stapylococcus species associated w disease

S. aureus S. epidermidis

Normal Microbiota of the Skin, opportunistic pathogen

S. epidermidis

cocci that most commonly form pairs

S. pneumoniae

form unpigmented, alpha hemolytic conlonies on blood agar

S. pneumoniae

Bacteremia and endocarditis

S. pneumoniae can enter the blood through lacerations or tissue damage

What causes glomerulonephritis?

S. pyogenes

Viridans group streptococci

S. sanguins, S. mutans, S. mitis

which staphylococcus species is cougulase neg?

Staphyloccocus epidermidis (turns pink, - manitol)

What causes endocarditis?

Staphylococcus

What causes pneumonia?

Staphylococcus

what causes osteomalitis

Staphylococcus

Folliculitis

Staphylococcus aureus

Impetigo

Staphylococcus aureus

Scalded skin syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus

coagulase positive

Staphylococcus aureus (yellow)

Coagulase negative

Staphylococcus epidermidis (pink)

what causes bacteremia

Staphylococcus species

Group B Streptococcus

Streptococcus agalactiae

Group A Streptococcus

Streptococcus pyogenes

What causes necrotizing fasciitis?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What causes rheumatic fever?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which of the following bacteria is the primary cause of necrotizing fasciitis? Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Bacterioides fragilis

Streptococcus pyogenes

what causes phayrngitis and scarlet fever

Streptococcus pyogenes

rheumatic fever

Streptococcus pyogenes -untreated strep may lead to damage to heart valves and uscle -may be an autoimmune response

Streptococcus pneumoniae was originally named Diplococcus pneumoniae. Why was the genus name Diplococcus originally given to this organism? The prefix di- means "two", and these organisms are usually found in pairs under the microscope. The prefix di- means "four", and these organisms are usually found in groups of four under the microscope. The prefix di- means "two", and on agar plates, the colonies are found in groups of two. The prefix di- means "four", and on agar plates, the colonies are found in groups of four.

The prefix di- means "two", and these organisms are usually found in pairs under the microscope.

prevention of S. pneumoniae

Vaccine made from purified capsular material

what is used to treat MRSA

Vancomycin

alpha-hemolytic streptococci

Viridans group

In which of the following cases would you suspect wound botulism? A person injures herself while gardening. Four days later she begins to feel weak and dizzy, with blurred vision and progressive paralysis. A person injures herself by stepping on a rusty garden tool while gardening. Within a week, her jaw and neck muscles begin to tighen and she begins to sweat profusely. A person injures herself with a sharp knife while cutting vegetables for dinner. Her wound becomes inflamed and warm to the touch and about four days later she develops a fever and chills. A person injures herself in a minor car accident. Within two days she develops redness, swelling, and pus at the injury site.

a person injures herself while gardening. four days later she begins to feel weak and dizzy, with blurred vision and progressive paralysis

necrotizing fasciitis

a severe infection caused by Group A strep bacteria

necrotizing fasciitis

a severe infection caused by Group A strep bacteria -flesh eatin

TSS toxin

absorbed into blood -causing: fever, vomiting, rash, Low BP

An appropriately stained smear was prepared of a sputum specimen obtained from the sick woman on Lance's flight. Using oil-immersion magnification on your microscope, what would you observe that would aid in the diagnosis of tuberculosis?

acid-fast rods

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered a(n) __________.

aerobe

mycobacterium is an (aerobic/ anaerobic) pathogen

aerobic

myobacterium is an _________ pathogen

aerobic

How is tuberculosis transmitted? fecal/oral route aerosol droplets released by a cough or sneeze sharing "dirty" needles between IV drug users drinking pasteurized milk

aerosol droplets released by a cough or sneeze

diphtheria

an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract -caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae -transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact

What is listeriolysin O? A toxin that paralyzes cell activity. An enzyme that destroys the cell membrane, leading to cell death. A protein that binds to actin filaments. An enzyme breaks the bacteria free from the phagosome.

an enzyme breaks the bacteria free from the phagosome

Bacillus is a faculatative __________

anaerobe

Clostridium is an obligate ___________

anaerobe

pathogenic strains of Bacillus produce?

anthrax toxins

How is C. diff treated?

antibiotics

How to treat anthrax?

antibiotics

Prevention of S. pyogenes

antibodies against M protein provide protection but diff strains so can recur

the primary treatment for food-borne botulism is (antibiotics/antitoxin/muscle relaxants).

antitoxin

what are the only other known hosts of Mycobacterium leprae besides humans

armidillos

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes respiratory disease by? attaching to and ultimately killing the ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea. triggering inflammatory mediator release. infecting and killing alveolar macrophages. paralyzing the respiratory muscles. killing the epithelial cells of the alveoli.

attaching to and ultimately killing the ciliated epithelial cells of the treachea

Which of the following habits will best prevent infection due to listerosis? Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables Wash your hands after handling pet feces. Avoid eating or drinking pasteurized dairy products. Avoid hard cheeses, such as cheddar.

avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables

S. agalactia are resistant to?

bacitracin

hemolysins S. aureus

can lyse blood cell to release iron

The presence of ________ can be used to distinguish Staphylococcus from other Gram-positive cocci. protein M kinases enterotoxins hemolysins catalase enzyme

catalase enzyme

Is staphylococcus areus catalase positive or negative?

catalase positive

To diagnose meningitis due to Listeria infection, physicians will first examine a patient's ___. cerebrospinal fluid blood fecal samples gall bladder

cerebrospinal fluid

S. pneumoniae infections occur most often in?

children and elderly

C. perfringens, C. difficile, C. botulinum, and C. tetani route from?

clostridium

Staphylococcus epidermidis characteristics include

coagulase negative faculatative anaerobe

Micrococcus luteum characteristics include

coagulase negative obligate aerobe

Staphylococcus aureus characteristics include

coagulase positive faculatative anaerobe

Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria

cocci: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus Rods: Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Mycoplasma

Enterococcus is found in the human?

colon

How does listeria enter the body?

contaminated food and drink

How are patients typically infected with listeriosis? Contaminated food or drink A tick bite Inhalation of dust particles Eating undercooked chicken

contaminated food or drink

Mycobacterium leprae grows best in?

cooler regions of the human body

rod shaped High G+C bacteria

corynebacterium myobacterium propionibacterium

how to diagnose Staphylococcal diseases

detect gram positive bacteria in grapelike arrangements

streptococci in pharynx are not

diagnostic

Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes

diphtheria

-results when infection spreads throughout the body -symptoms arise due to complications at the various sites

disseminated tb

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (does/ does not) requires oxygen to survive.

does

How might an infected patient transmit listeriosis to another human? during pregnancy Fecal-oral route. Aerosolized droplets in a cough. Through sexual contact.

during pregnancy

how is the only way listeria is passed from human to human?

during pregnancy

is a condition that affects the space between the outermost layer of the lungs and the layer touching the chest wall, known as the pleural space

empyema

What is empyema? Empyema refers to a pocket of pus in between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall. Empyema refers to air in the pleural cavity. Empyema refers to blood in the pleural cavity. Septicemia refers to a pocket of pus in between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall.

empyema refers to a pocket of pus in between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall

Bacillus form

endospores

Clostridium forms

endospores

________ allow for survival in harsh conditions

endospores

important cause of HAIs

enterococcus

what of S. aureus stimulate symptoms associated w food poisoning

enterotoxins

antibiotics can become resistant to bacteria because of

enzymes

The skin lesions characteristic of cutaneous infections with Bacillus anthracis are pus-filled ulcers. acne. eschars. scarlatina. impetigo.

eschars

What is the best way to prevent nosocomial MRSA infections? All hospitalized patients should take antibiotics daily. People should be vaccinated with the MRSA vaccine. Everyone should wash their hands before eating and after contact with any potentially contaminated surface/person. All hospitalized patients should wear a surgical mask

everyone should wash their hands before eating and after contact w any potentially contaminated surface/person

Which of the following staphylococcal virulence factors produce the signs and symptoms of scalded skin syndrome? coagulase staphylokinase hyaluronidase leukocidin exfoliative toxin

exfoliative toxin

what causes cutaneous disease

exotoxin

Bacillus is a __________ anaerobe

faculatative

is staphylococcus epidermidis is an (facultative anaerobe/ obligate anaerobe)

faculatative anaerobe

staphylococcus aureus is an (facultative anaerobe/ obligate anaerobe)

faculatative anaerobe

signs of tuberculosis

fever, chest pain, coughing up blood, weight loss

The neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum produce (flaccid/tetanic) paralysis by preventing muscle contraction.

flaccid

noninvasive disease of Staphylococcus

food poisoning -due to ingestion of enterotoxin-contaminated food -self limiting

Streptococcus agalactiae are cocci that

form chains

mycoplasma stains

gram negative, but is gram positive

is mycobacterium gram positive or gram negative

gram positive

mycobacterium is resistant to

gram staining

viridans group lack

group-specific carbs

The most significant streptococcal pathogens are found in which of the following Lancefield groups? groups B and D groups A and B groups A and D groups A, B, and D

groups A and B

how to prevent Staphylococcal diseases

hand antisepsis important to prevent HAI's

Actinmyocetes belong to what group

high G+C bacteria -fungus shaped

Nocardia belongs to what group

high G+C bacteria -fungus shaped

Corynebacterium belongs to what group

high G+C bacteria -rod

Mycobacterium belongs to what group

high G+C bacteria -rod

Clostridium: vegetative cells secrete potent?

histolytic toxins, enterotoxins, and neurotoxins

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney following infection w S. pyogenes

Clostridium difficile is a member of the?

intestinal flora, its an opportunistic pathogen

all enterococci live in the?

intestinal tracts of animals

does listeria grow intracellular or extracellularly

intracellular

where does mycobacterium grow

intracellular

does mycobacterium grow outside cells or intracellular

intrcellular

Enterococcus is found in human colon, but can cause disease if?

introduced into other parts of body

hylaronidase and collagenase

invades host tissues

A characteristic symptom of necrotizing fasciitis is that the pain __________. occurs only during nighttime hours is almost insensible comes across as a cold sensation is disproportionate to the appearance of the infection

is disproportionate to the appearance of the infection

What is one virulence factor that differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from other species of staphylococci? It produces catalase. it can live on the surface of the skin and in cutaneous oil glands. It has a capsule. It can produce coagulase. it produces lipase.

it can produce coagulase

Enterococcus is distinguised from S. pneumoniae by the fact that?

it is not sensitive to bile. will grow in presence of bile slts

Why is necrotizing fasciitis so difficult to prevent? Mosquitos are almost impossible to eradicate. It forms endospores and can survive well in the environment. It is not susceptible to most antibiotics. It is part of the normal microbiota.

it is part of the normal microbiota

where can you find clostridium

its ubiquitos -found in soil, water, GI tracts of animals and humans

Members of the genus Mycoplasma are pleomorphic and stain Gram-negative because they have sterols in their cytoplasmic membranes. have mycolic acid in their cell walls. have a rudimentary cell wall. lack cytoplasmic membranes. lack cell walls.

lack cell walls

The viridands group cannot be grouped by?

lancefield system

how to diagnose Bacillus

large,nonmotile, gram-positive bacilli in lung or skin samples

Myobacterium leprae causes

leprosy

hansen's disease aka

leprosy

enters body in contaminated food and drink

listeria

human to fetus transmission

listeria

an enzyme that breaks the bacteria free from the phagosome

listeriolysin O

Listeria's virulence is directly related to its ability to

live within cells

Which of the following is a key diagnostic indicator of infection with Mycobacterium leprae? pus-filled abscesses blister-like lesions severe inflammation with swelling a distinctive red rash that lasts for days localized loss of the sense of touch

localized loss of the sense touch

Enterococcus belongs to what group

low G+C bacteria -cocci

Stapyhlococcus belongs to what group

low G+C bacteria -cocci

Streptococcus belongs to what group

low G+C bacteria -cocci

Bacillus belongs to what group

low G+C bacteria -rod

Clostriduim belongs to what group

low G+C bacteria -rod

Listeria belongs to what group

low G+C bacteria -rod

Mycoplasma belongs to what group

low G+C bacteria -rod

the mycolic acid in the cell walls of mycobacterium offers protection from?

lysis after phagocytosis

S. aureus virulence factors

many enzymes and toxins

Pneumococcal meningitis

meninges of brain spread via bacteremia -mortality rate higher than other causes of menigitis

treatment for Staphylococcal diseases

methicillin

Bacteria collected from a severely inflamed wound are sent to the lab for analysis. The results come back as follows: Gram-positive cocci in irregular clusters, kinase and coagulase positive, and able to grow in the presence of most antibiotics except vancomycin. The bacteria in the wound are most likely Enterococcus. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Staphylococcus epidermidis. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). Staphylococcus aureus.

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Pneumococcal pneumonia

most common disease caused by S. pneumoniae

S. pneumoinae are present in?

mouths and pharynges of most humans

A patient presents with a severe skin infection characterized by lesions that are swollen, draining sores. You learn that the patient is an avid gardener. Which of the following diseases should be suspected? erysipelas Hansen's disease tetanus mycetoma

mycetoma

what cell wall contains mycolic acid

mycobacterium

is staphylococcus epidermidis catalse positive or negative

negative

mycobacterium stains gram ________, but is gram ________

negative positive

S. agalactiae (Group B) diseases

neonatal bacteremia neonatal meningitis neonatal pneumonia

Streptococcus agalactiae is associated with which of the following diseases? neonatal meningitis neonatal bacteremia neonatal pneumonia both neonatal bacteremia and neonatal meningitis neonatal bacteremia, neonatal meningitis, and neonatal pneumonia

neonatal bacteremia, neonatal meningitis, neonatal pneumonia

S. agalactiae often infects?

newborns without specific antibodies

Do mycoplasma have a cell wall?

no

Does listeria produce toxins or enzymes?

no

Does mycoplasma have a cell wall?

no

is there a vaccine for walking pneumonia

no

Are Clostridium botulinum vegetative cells required to be present for foodborne botulism to occur? No, foodborne botulism is caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria, not the bacteria themselves. No, foodborne botulism is caused by the endospore form of Clostridium botulinum, not vegetative cells. Yes, the foodborne botulism can only be caused by infection with Clostridium botulinum vegetative cells. Yes, the foodborne botulism is caused by endotoxic shock, which occurs when the cell walls of Clostridium botulinum are disrupted.

no, foodborne botulism is caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria, not the bacteria themselves

Are Clostridium botulinum vegetative cells required to be present for foodborne botulism to occur? No, foodborne botulism is caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria, not the bacteria themselves. Yes, the foodborne botulism is caused by endotoxic shock, which occurs when the cell walls of Clostridium botulinum are disrupted. No, foodborne botulism is caused by the endospore form of Clostridium botulinum, not vegetative cells. Yes, the foodborne botulism can only be caused by infection with Clostridium botulinum vegetative cells.

no. food born botulism is caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria, not the bacteria themselves

Staphylococcal diseases

noninvasive, cutaneous, systemic

Actinomyces are ______ microbiota. Produces ________ infections in numerous sites

normal opportunistic

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) often cause disease when?

normal microbiota are depleted

Clostridium is an ___________ anaerobe

obligate

If ampicillin is the prescribed treatment for listeriosis, why might a physician instead prescribe trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole? Ampicillin further decreases the ability of the immunocompromised to fight infection. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a superior antibiotic. Patients may be allergic to penicillins. Listeriosis is often accompanied by a fungal infection.

patients may be allergic to penicillins

treatment for Streptococcus pyogenes

penicillin

Treatment of S. pneumoniae

penicillin (some resistant strains have emerged)

treatment for S. agalactiae

penicillin or ampicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) typically infects the?

phayrnx or skin

Which of the following would be diagnostic for the presence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a clinical specimen? "fried egg" appearance in cultures dull, yellow raised colonies on Lowenstein-Jensen agar "tumbling" motility at room temperature pleomorphic bacteria in palisade formations

pleomorphic bacteria in palisade formations

pneumococcal diseases

pneumococcal pneumonia bacteremia and endocarditis pneumococcal meningitis

results from the initial infection with M. tuberculosis

primary tuberculosis

Treatment of Tuberculosis

prolonged treatment with multiple antibiotics

Which of the following is an effective way to prevent many staphylococcal infections? proper food canning techniques avoiding exposure to soil proper cleansing of wounds control of the organism in animals

proper cleansing of wounds

In its role in the development of acne, (Propionibacterium/Staphylococcus/Actinomyces) typically grows in sebaceous glands of the skin.

propionibacterium

Diagnosis of S. agalactiae

rapid test used to identify group B Strep.

One of the primary reasons Myobacterium tuberculosis is able to evade the body's immunity is that it __________. produces a capsule resists digestion by phagocytes hides within host epithelial cells is camouflaged in hyaluronic acid

resists digestion by phagocytes

How is diphtheria transmitted?

respiratory droplets

mycoplasma attaches to cells of the

respiratory tract

Which of the following diseases is considered an autoimmune disease triggered by bacterial infection? glomerulonephritis caused by the group A streptococci rheumatic fever impetigo toxic shock syndrome scarlet fever

rheumatic fever

High G+C Gram Positive Bacteria

rods: corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium fungus shaped: Actinomycetes, Nocardia

what can occur following streptococcal pharyngitis

scarlet fever

Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis may progress to necrotizing fasciitis. scarlet fever. rheumatic fever. scarlet fever or rheumatic fever. scarlet fever or necrotizing fasciitis.

scarlet fever or rheumatic fever

In approximately 10% of patients tubercles rupture and reactivate infection. This is known as _____ tuberculosis. primary disseminated secondary tertiary

secondary

reestablishment of active infection after period of dormancy

secondary tuberculosis

myobacterium is _______ growing

slow

Where is Listeria monocytogenes found?

soil, water, mammals, birds, fish, and insects

Nocardia is a common inhabitant of?

soils rich in organic matter

what produces TSS

some Staphylococcus strains

A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that loses the ability to produce staphylokinase will be unable to do which of the following? grow on the surface of the skin spread to new locations in the body degrade beta-lactam antibiotics evade immune cells

spread to new locations in the skin

cocci low G+C bacteria

staphylococcus streptococcus enterococcus

which staphylococcus species is catalse positive

staphylococcus aureus (turns yellow, + manitol)

Enterotoxins of S. aureus

stimulate symptoms associated w food poisoning

All of the following methods of food storage or preparation except which of the following can help prevent foodborne botulism? heating canned foods to at least 80 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes before consuming storing canned foods in the refrigerator storing canned foods at room temperature maintaining an acidic environment below ph 4.5

storing canned foods at room temp

Which practice would NOT be a good way to prevent foodborne botulism? Maintaining an acidic environment below ph 4.5. Storing canned foods at room temperature. Heat canned foods to at least 80 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes before consuming. Storing canned foods in the refrigerator.

storing canned foods at room temp

Streptococcus pyogenes causes

strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fascitis, glomerulonephritis

One of the virulence factors produced by Group A Streptococcus is __________, which can kill neutrophils, the immune system's first responders. exotoxin A Hyaluronidase streptolysin S Streptokinase

streptolysin S

Why does tuberculosis involve months of antibiotic treatment? The bacteria go into a dormant state. The bacteria become resistant to the medications after only a month of treatment. The bacteria grow very slowly. The antibiotic treatment is so toxic, it can only be given in very small doses.

the bacteria grow very slowly

A patient has a positive tuberculin skin test. Without any other information about the patient, which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of this result? The patient has disseminated tuberculosis. The patient has been exposed to M. tuberculosis. The patient is able to transmit M. tuberculosis to other individuals. The patient has primary tuberculosis.

the patient has been exposed to M. tuberculosis

diphtheria toxin causes

the signs and symptoms of disease

one cause of dental caries and dental plaques

the viridans group

The polymerization of actin filaments allows Listeria to form pseudopods extending from the host cell. How does this aid the bacteria during infection? They are able to spread to neighboring cells sheltered from detection by the host immune system. The pseudopods shelter the bacteria from destruction by lysosomes. The pseudopods control the movement of the host cells. The pseudopods form extracellular vesicles similar to endospores.

they are able to spread to neighboring cells sheltered from detection by the host immune system

Over 90% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates are penicillin-resistant. Why? they produce staphylokinase. they produce β-lactamase. they have loosely organized polysaccharide slime layers which protects their cell wall. They have a coating of protein A. they produce coagulase.

they produce β-lactamase

The use of super-absorbent tampons has been implicated in which of the following staphylococcal diseases? empyema furuncles toxic shock syndrome endocarditis

toxic shock syndrome

What does C. botulinum do?

toxins bind to neurons irreversibly and prevent muscle contractions

S. pneumoniae causes disease when?

travel to the lungs

Adult foodborne botulism can be prevented by thoroughly cooking food (minimum 80°C for 20 minutes) before it is eaten. t or f

true

Clostridium is ubiquitos t or f

true

Mycobacterium leprae bacteria do not grow in cell-free culture complicating research t or f

true

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is capable of inhibiting phagocytosis t or f

true

Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning is long-lasting because ingested bacteria produce enterotoxins in the digestive system. t or f

true

Staphylococcus can produce toxins t or f

true

The bacterium Streptococcus mutans has a major role in the development of dental plaque and caries. True False

true

individuals with lowered immunity at greatest risk for infection (tuberculosis) t or f

true

listeria is a faculatative intracellular parasite t or f

true

listeriosis can be passed from mother to fetus t or f

true

pregnant women can transmit Listeria to their fetus t or f

true

How do clinicians primarily screen for tuberculosis in patients? Tuberculin skin test Throat swab Urinalysis Blood test

tuberculin skin test

respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis

Vancomycin

used to treat MRSA

methicillin

used to treat Staphylococcal diseases

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) spreads via?

via respiratory droplets

many produce a green pigment when grown on blood media

viridans group

Which of the following streptococci is associated with dental caries? Streptococcus pneumoniae viridans streptococci Streptococcus arginosus Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus equisimilis

viridans streptococci

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

walking pneumonia

Can Listeria cause meningitis in certain at-risk groups

yes

are cases of tb declining in US

yes

do enterococci lack capsules

yes

does listeria live in cells

yes

is C. diff and opportunistic pathogen?

yes

is there a vaccine for anthrax

yes (for those at risk, i.e. military)

How does β-lactamase contribute to the virulence of Staphylococcus spp.? β-lactamase destroys neutrophils. β-lactamase triggers blood clot formation. β-lactamase breaks down penicillin and cephalosporin. β-lactamase breaks down hyaluronic acid in the matrix between cells.

β-lactamase breaks down penicillin and cephalosporin.