Chapter 20 Smart Book Questions
Match the following structures with the correct number.
1 <---------> kidney 2 <--------> renal artery 3 <--------> renal vein 4 <--------> ureter
Match each letter with the correct urinary system structure.
A <---------> urethra B <---------> trigone C <---------> ureter
Match the term for each kidney structure with the appropriate letter.
A <-------> major calyx B <-------> minor calyx C <-------> renal pelvis
Match the letter with the correct kidney structure.
A <-------> renal papilla B <-------> renal pyramid C <-------> renal column
Pair each letter with the correct kidney structure.
A <------> renal capsule B <------> renal cortex C <------> renal medulla
The renal artery is indicated by letter ______, while the renal vein is indicated by letter ______. o. A: B o. C; A o. B; A o. C; B
A: B
The renal cortex is indicated by the letter ______, while the renal medulla is indicated by letter ______. o C; B o A; B o B; A o A; C
A; B
Which conditions lead to production of a more dilute urine?
ADH secretion decreases water reabsorption decreases
True or false: All segments of the renal tubule reabsorb the same substances.
False
The condition characterized by inflammation of the capillaries in the glomeruli of the nephrons is called chronic ______________.
Glomerulonephritis
When the renal plasma threshold for glucose is reached, which of the following occurs?
Some glucose is secreted in the urine.
Why is glucose found in the urine of diabetics?
The active transport mechanism in the renal tubule can't keep up with the amount of glucose in the tubular fluid.
True or false: Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can influence urine output.
True
What is the renal capsule?
a fibrous membrane around the kidney
What is a glomerulus?
a tangled cluster of blood capillaries
Certain drugs and organic compounds are moved from blood plasma into the kidney tubule fluid through ______ mechanisms.
active transport
What is the main mechanism used during tubular secretion?
active transport
Which transport process results in reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule?
active transport
Which term refers to inflammation of the glomerulus following a bacterial infection?
acute glomerulonephritis
What is uric acid?
byproduct of nucleic acid metabolism
The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal
clearance
Urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by ______.
compression of the ureteral openings
In order to conserve water, the body makes ______ urine by ______ the levels of ADH in the bloodstream, which results in ______ water being reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.
concentrated; increasing; more
Renal failure can cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which could be tested by looking for high levels of ______ in the blood.
decrease; creatinine
If the fluids of the body contain excess water, then ADH secretion will be ______ and the urine produced will be ______.
decreased; dilute
The proximal tubule reabsorbs ______ as the distal tubule.
different substances
Blood that passes through the glomerulus, and is not filtered, will enter the _____________ arteriole.
efferent
Sustained contraction of the internal urethral sphincter by the detrusor muscle prevents the bladder from ______.
emptying
What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?
favors filtration
During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______.
filtrate
The fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ___________.
filtrate
The process by which blood pressure forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular __________.
filtration
The process by which blood pressure forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular _____________.
filtration
Three processes involved in urine formation are glomerular ____________, tubular ___________, and ___________ secretion.
filtration reabsorption tubular
Where does glomerular filtration occur?
glomerular capillaries
From the afferent arterioles, blood flows into which type of blood vessel?
glomerular capillary
Blood flows from the ______ into the efferent arteriole.
glomerular capillary bed
List the urine-producing structures in the correct order, putting the first structure involved at the top. collecting duct nephron loop proximal tubule glomerular capsule distal tubule
glomerular capsule proximal tubule nephron loop distal tubule collecting duct
If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition?
glomerular damage
The first step in urine formation involves which process?
glomerular filtration
The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called the ______ rate.
glomerular filtration
Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.
glomerular filtration
Match each process with the proper movement of materials. glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion
glomerular filtration <-----> Materials move from blood plasma into the glomerular capsule. tubular reabsorption <------> Materials move from the tubular fluid into the blood plasma. tubular secretion <-------> Materials move from blood plasma into the tubular fluid.
What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?
glomerular filtration rate
An afferent arteriole is a small blood vessel that feeds into the ______.
glomerulus
The specific structure indicated by the arrow and circle is called the _____________.
glomerulus
What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?
hydrostatic pressure of blood
Stress has been shown to ______ ADH secretion, which ______ urine volume.
increase; reduces
If the fluids of the body are too concentrated (water levels are low), then ADH secretion will be ______ and the urine produced will be ______.
increased; concentrated
If creatinine levels in the blood are ______, then the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is ______, and this could suggest renal failure.
increased; reduced
When dehydration is a threat, ADH secretion ______, causing water reabsorption to ______, producing ______ concentrated urine.
increases; increase; more
What is glomerulonephritis?
inflammation of the glomerulus
Define nephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
The structures within the kidney that are the most responsible for maintaining the high concentration gradient of solutes necessary for the kidneys to concentrate urine are the ______.
juxtamedullary nephrons
The ______ nephrons generate an osmotic gradient in the medullary interstitial fluid to allow for ______ reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
juxtamedullary; water
Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ______ to the ______.
kidney; urinary bladder
Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______.
kidneys
The organs that function to regulate the removal of excess water, electrolytes, and metabolic wastes from body fluids are called the _______________.
kidneys
If ADH levels are ______, less water will be reabsorbed and the volume of urine will ______.
low; increase
The major regions of the kidney are the renal _____ and the renal _______.
medulla; cortex
Which feature of the proximal tubule is important to its function of tubular reabsorption?
microvilli (brush border)
List in the correct order the urine-collecting structures of the urinary system, putting the structure closest to the collecting duct at the top. Instructions minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis urinary bladder ureter urethra
minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder urethra
If ADH levels are high, ______ water will be reabsorbed and ______ water will be excreted in the urine.
more; less
Inflammation of the kidney is called ____________.
nephritis
The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n) ________________.
nephron
Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule.
nephron loop distal tubule proximal tubule
The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the ________________.
nephrons
Which is the term for the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for urine production?
nephrons
Reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule occurs by which mechanism?
osmosis
Which transport mechanism is used for water reabsorption from the proximal tubule?
osmosis
Which mechanism causes urine to flow through the ureters to the urinary bladder?
peristalsis
Active reabsorption of sodium from tubular fluids results in a passive secretion of which of the following?
potassium ions
Define proteinuria.
presence of protein in urine
The presence of protein in the urine is called ____________.
proteinuria
Glucose reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubules?
proximal tubule
Which part of the renal tubule has microvilli (a brush border) on its epithelial cells?
proximal tubule
Place the segments of the renal tubule of a nephron in the correct order, with the region closest to the glomerulus at the top. Instructions nephron loop proximal tubule distal tubule
proximal tubule nephron loop distal tubule
Almost all of the sodium and water are ______ before urine is excreted.
reabsorbed
Almost all of the sodium ions found in the glomerular filtrate are ___________ before urine is excreted.
reabsorbed
Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular
reabsorption
The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular ___________.
reabsorption
The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular ________________.
reabsorption
The enzyme renin is secreted by the kidneys. What is its function?
regulation of blood pressure
Which functions does the urinary system regulate?
removal of metabolic wastes pH balance volume of body fluids excretion of drugs
What is the thin fibrous sac that encloses the kidney called?
renal capsule
The two major components of a nephron are the ______.
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Which blood vessel is indicated in the figure?
renal vein
The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure by secreting an enzyme called _____________.
renin
A passive secretion of potassium ions follows active reabsorption of ___________ ions from the tubular fluid.
sodium
Match each substance to the mechanism that regulates its concentration during urine formation. tubular reabsorption tubular secretion
tubular reabsorption > amino acids > water > sodium ions tubular secretion > potassium ions > penicillin and other drugs > hydrogen ions
Urine is formed through which three processes?
tubular reabsorption tubular secretion glomerular filtration
The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is ___________.
urea
Which compound is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine?
urea
Indicate three characteristics that correctly describe the composition of normal urine.
urea and uric acid present some electrolytes present 95% water
The tubular structure indicated by the arrow is the ______________.
urethra
A product of the catabolism of the purine bases adenine and guanine that is excreted in the urine is called ______.
uric acid
The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ____________ system.
urinary
The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called ____________.
urine
What is formed as wastes and excess water are removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys?
urine
The most abundant component of urine is ____________.
water