Chapter 22

Dollar Diplomacy

(Taft and Knox) Replace militarism of Roosevelt with business investment. In dollar diplomacy, they assumed that political influence would follow increased U.S. trade and investment. But it ended up requiring military support. Know tried to neutralize Chinese railways and instead forged Japan and Russia to form an alliance. The Open Door policy was closed.

Central Powers

(Triple Alliance) Germany and its World War I allies in Austria, Italy, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

Allies

(Triple Entente) In World War I, Britain, France, Russia, and other belligerent nations fighting against the Central Powers but not including the United States.

Why was true neutrality on the part of the US difficult?

- 8 million German Americans and 4 million Irish-Americans that supported the Central Powers. - Economic ties with Allies. We supported the British naval blockade and ended trade with Germany. During the war our trade improved with Britain and we benefited financially. We felt connected to Britain especially because we both spoke English.

How did the federal government try to change public opinions bout US involvement in WWI?

- Committee on Public Information (CPI) was formed to organize public opinion. It was led by George Creel. It campaigned against all things German and wanted people to become "unhyphenated Americans." They called it a moral crusade to defend democracy with led a lot of people to support the war.

What were Wilson's foreign policy ideals?

- He emphasized foreign investments and industrial exports as the keys to nation's prosperity - Expand American democracy/capitalism like moral crusade. - Leader of the Western Hemisphere - The U.S. must actively use its moral and material power to create the new order.

Describe the major foreign policy achievements of Teddy Roosevelt

- He wanted to form a canal on the Isthmus of Panama. - Friendship with Philippe Bunau-Varilla allowed Republic of Panama granted U.S. 10 mile wide canal zone. -Areas around the canal in were in political strife and he worried Europe would intervene: Roosevelt Corollary: U.S. could intervene in Latin America - He mediated a settlement between Russia and Japan that ended the Russo-Japanese War. -Gentleman's agreement: Japan agreed not to issue passports to Japanese male laborers looking to emigrate t the U.S. and Roosevelt promised to fight anti-Japanese discrimination.

How did the war affect American economic social, and political life?

- Liberty bonds, war meant expansion and high profits for American business. - War Industries Board reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity to support the war effort. (Food and Fuel Act: president could regulate and distribute food and fuel)(Wheatless Mondays to help save food for army). - Working people enjoyed higher wages and a better standard of living. - National War Labor Board: supported rights of workers to organize unions and furthered the acceptance of the eight hour day. -Overcrowding, rapid workforce turnover, and high inflation rates were typical in war-boom communities. -Suspended immigration law because businesses needed workers. -Espionage Act- prevented against obstructing the nation's war effort. -Millions of women joined the workforce. 19th Amendment gave women the vote. 18th Amendment prohibited alcohol. -Children's Bureau: made to help kids of working women and deal with other family problems - FBI and Sedition Act: can't criticize involvement in war. - Great Migration: black southerners to northern cities. - Many strikes

Why events led the US to declare war on Germany?

- The sinking of the Lusitania and Sussex. Wilson threatened to break off trade with Germany if it didn't limit submarine warfare to keep free seas for neutral countries. - Then Germany declared unlimited submarine warfare. The U.S. couldn't be neutral and have freedom of the seas, so the U.S. declared war.

What was the state of the US Army personnel during WWI?

- Volunteer rates were lower than the civil war. We established a draft. About 1/5 of U.S. soldiers were from another country. 25% illiteracy rate. Racism in the military. Soldiers were not heavily trained and many died from disease like influenza.

Why did most Americans oppose US involvement in WWI in 1914?

- We weren't attacked, why should we get involved? - Loyalties were everywhere because of so many different immigrant groups.

19th Amendment

1920, woman suffrage legal nationwide

Lusitanian

A German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitanian off the coast of Ireland. Among the 1,198 people who died were 128 Americans. Wilson denounced and argued with Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, who resigned.

Open Door policy

American policy of seeking equal trade and investment opportunities in foreign nations or regions

Sussex

Another German U-boat torpedoed the Sussex, an unarmed French passenger ship, injuring four Americans. Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany unless it abandoned submarine warfare.

Sedition Act

Broad law restricting criticism of America's involvement in World War I or its government, flag, military, taxes, or officials.

Big Four

David Lloyd George (Great Britain), George Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), and Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) negotiated the treaty after World War I

Election of 1920

Democrat James M. Cox and Republican Warren G. Harding both from Ohio. Harding won in the biggest landslide in history.

Zimmermann note

German foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann send not to German ambassador in Mexico saying that an alliance be made between Germany and Mexico if the U.S. entered the war. Used it as a tool to encourage US entry into the war.

Fourteen Points

Goals outlined by Woodrow Wilson for war. First, he offered proposals for setting postwar boundaries in Europe and creating new countries out of collapsed Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. He wanted national self-determination. He listed general principles for international conduct: free trade, free seas, open covenants, reduced armaments, and mediation for competing colonial claims. League of nations

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Government agency during World War I that sought to shape public opinion in support of the war effort through newspapers, pamphlets, speeches, films, and other media. Led by George Creel aggressively campaigned against all things German and encouraged immigrant to become "Unhyphenated Americans".

Irreconcilables

Group of U.S. senators adamantly opposed to ratification of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I.

League of Nations

International organization created by the Versailles Treaty after World War I to ensure world stability.

Bolsheviks

Members of the Communist movement in Russia that established the Soviet government after the 1917 Russian Revolution

18th Amendment

National ban on alcoholic drinks.

Doughboys

Nickname for soldiers during the Civil War era, who joined the army for money. Now, members of the AEF (American Expeditionary Force)

Red Scare

Post-World War I public hysteria over Bolshevik influence in the United States directed against labor activism, radical dissenters, and some ethnic groups. 249 people were deported.

Why did the US Senate fail to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

Preoccupied with politics in Paris, Wilson neglected politics at home. He didn't include any prominent Republicans in U.S. peace delegation. 16 "irreconcilables" who were opposed to a treaty in any form. Henry Cabot Lodge made changes that would weaken the League. Wilson refused to compromise. He collapsed from exhaustion and was paralyzed, so he couldn't fight for the treaty's ratification. Lodge's treaty wasn't ratified, so no treaty was ratified.

Roosevelt Corollary

President Theodore Roosevelt's policy asserting U.S. authority to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations; an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine. The policy was created to protect the Panama Canal and intervention by the Europeans. It justified international police power anywhere in the hemisphere.

Gentlemen's Agreement

The Russo-Japanese war in 1904 threatened the Open-Door Policy. Japan could upset the balance of power in East Asia and threaten American business enterprises there. Roosevelt mediated a settlement between the two countries in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In the Gentlemen's Agreement, Japan agreed not to issue passports to Japanese male laborers looking to emigrate t the U.S. and Roosevelt promised to fight anti-Japanese discrimination.

War Industries Board

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during World War I. Food and Fuel Act, Wheatless Mondays, Liberty bonds.

Selective Service Act

The law establishing the military draft for World War I.

Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North, spurred especially by new job opportunities during World War I and the 1920s.

Versailles Treaty

The treaty ending World War I and creating the League of Nations. Divided up conquered territories and ignored Wilson's idea of self-determinism. Made Germany pay $33 billion.

Schenck v. United States

Upheld conviction of Charles Schenck for having mailed pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription. It unanimously upheld that Congress could restrict speech if the words present danger.

Espionage Act

law whose vague prohibition against obstructing the nation's war effort was used to crush dissent and criticism during World War I.

Preparedness

military buildup in preparation for possible U.S. participation in World War I.

Abrams vs. United States

the court upheld Sedition Act convictions of four Russian immigrants who had printed pamphlets denouncing American military intervention in the Russian Revolution.

Debs vs. United States

the court upheld the guilt of Eugene Debs for antiwar speech.

Imperialism

the policy and practice of exploiting nations and peoples for the benefit of an imperial power either directly through military occupation and colonial rule or indirectly through economic domination of resources and markets.

Self-determination

the right of a people or a nation to decide on its own political allegiance or form of government without external influence.

Militarism

the tendency to see military might as the most important and best tool for the expansion of a nation's power and prestige.