Chapter 22 Modules

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection?

Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small.

Which of the following people developed the idea known as the scala naturae, or scale of nature?

Aristotle

How did Hutton and Lyell's ideas influence Charles Darwin's thinking?

Darwin reasoned that the Earth must be very old and that slow, subtle processes could produce substantial biological changes.

What does it mean to describe evolution as a scientific theory?

Evolution is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence.

How does our understanding of genetics today refute Lamarck's principle of the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are not inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck.

Paleontology, the study of fossils, was developed by __________.

Georges Cuvier

observations of darwinian evolution

Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.

Which of the following is not an observation or inference that Darwin made while developing his theory of evolution?

Interactions between individuals and their environments cause individuals to evolve.

______ hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Lamarck

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?

Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.

Which of the following is correct regarding natural selection?

Over time, natural selection can increase the correspondence between organisms and their environments. If an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species. Natural selection is a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do individuals without those traits. Individuals do not evolve; populations do.

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to some antibiotic drugs. How did this resistance come about?

Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected for when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs.

During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment?

The population may change so much in adapting to the new environment that it is considered a new species. Traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment. Individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will have higher reproductive success. The species may go extinct

The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called __________.

artificial selection

Even though rodents known as sugar gliders and flying squirrels are members of distinctly different groups of organisms and live on different continents, they possess similar characteristics. This is an example of __________.

convergent evolution

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of __________.

cuvier

On an evolutionary tree ___________.

homologous characteristics form a nested pattern

on an evolutionary tree, ________.

homologous characteristics form a nested pattern

adaptations are defined as ____________.

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

Darwin's explanation of how adaptations arise centered on __________.

natural selection

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering?

organisms have the capacity to overreproduce

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he __________.

the binomial classification system; thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation

Homologies that appear to have marginal, if any, importance to an organism are called __________.

vestigial structures