Nonverbal Communication Final Study Guide
Decoding accuracy for facial expression of emotion is better for....?
Posed than spontaneous expressions
When one of the people in a convo exhibits the same posture or movement as his/her interactional partner, it is referred to as...?
Postural Echo OR Matching
Unlike a gesture, a ____ refers to an action involving a continuous adjustment of every part of the body; for example, a crouch, sprawl, lean, slump, etc
Posture
Sound spectrographs measure the frequency and _______ of sound over time
Amplitude
According to our text, experts believe that ______ produce in a child an understanding of the socially agreed on meaning of different nonverbal cues
An innate repertoire of facial expressions, innate imitative ability, selective reinforcement by caregivers
Define Reactive Measure
Any measure with the action of altering a response under examination
Define Communication
All of the procedures by which one mind can affect another
What are the 3 types of Social Functions?
(1) Appearance Manipulators: Result in a specific change in appearance for appearance's sake (2) Attempt Suppressors: A signal to a listener who may be attempting to take the floor that he or she is NOT to speak (3) Summoners: A signal to a listener that he or she may speak; an invitation to ask a question or make a comment
What are the 6 types of illustrators?
(1) Batons: Movements which time our, accent, or emphasize a particular word or phrase (2) Ideographs: Movements which sketch a path or direction of thought (3) Deictic Movements: Pointing to a present object (4) Spatial Movements: Depicting a spatial relationship (5) Kinetographs: Movements which depict a bodily action (6) Pictographs: Draw a picture of their referent
What are the 2 types of Paralinguistic Functions
(1) Beats: Usually short, quick movements that look like someone is beating musical time (2) Deictics: Pointing gestures
What were the 3 types of smiles in the Grin and Bear It: The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response?
(1) Duchenne Smile Group (2) Standard Group (3) Neutral Expression Group
What are Ekman & Friesen's Categories in Kinesics?
(1) Emblems (2) Illustrators (3) Affect Displays (4) Regulators (5) Adaptors
List the 5 functions of Argyle's (1975) Primary Functions of Nonverbal Behavior
(1) Express emotions (2) Convey interpersonal attitude (3) Convey one's personality (4) Regulating interaction (5) Ambiguous message function
What are the 3 parts of the Invisible System?
(1) Haptics: Use of touch (2) Olfactory: Use of smell (3) Chronemic: Use of time
What are the 3 parts of the Visual System?
(1) Kinesics (2) Proxemics (3) Artifactual
Describe facial muscles
(1) Only about 2-3,000 of the 10,000 possible different combos of muscle movements are relevant to creating facial emotional expressions (2) Although there are 44 different facial muscles, not all of them are used routinely in the facial expression of emotion (3) There are over 100 different kinds of smiles (4) The most common kinds of smiles use about 27 facial muscles
What 2 muscles are involved in smiling?
(1) Orbicularis occuli (2) Zygomaticus major
What are the 2 types of Psychological Functions?
(1) Self-Touches: Hand to body contact that appears to be unconscious rather than purposeful (2) Object/Functional Manipulators: -- Object Manipulators: Involve the seemingly unconscious manipulation of an object -- Functional Manipulators: Involve actions with objects that are performed for a specific purpose (lighting a cigarette)
What are the 3 types of Adaptors?
(1) Self-adaptors: Grooming, cleansing, etc. (2) Alter-directed Adaptors: Movements probably learned in early prototypical interactions (attacking, protecting oneself, establishing affection, intimacy, withdrawal, flight, etc) (3) Object-adaptors: Movement originally learned in the performance of some instrumental task
What are the 5 functions of the Functional Hand Movement Taxonomy?
(1) Social Functions (2) Psychological Functions (3) Paralinguistic Functions (4) Semantic Functions (5) Other functions
What are the 3 systems of Leather's (1976) Nonverbal Systems
(1) Visual System (2) Auditory System (3) Invisible System
What were the results of the Grin and Bear It: The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response?
All smiling participants had lower heart rates than the neutral group
The "eyebrow flash" frequently indicates...?
A "yes" to social contact
What are the PONS?
A method of testing nonverbal decoding ability
Define Regulators
Acts which maintain or regulate the back and forth nature of speaking and listening between 2 or more interactants
We do not always portray pure or single emotional states in which all the parts of the face show a single emotion. Instead, the face may convey multiple emotions. Such expressions are called...?
Affect blends
Define Paralinguistics
Aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words
Define Halo Effect
Attractive people can do no harm
Define Adaptors
Believed to be fragments of adaptive effects to satisfy self or bodily needs, or to perform bodily actions, manage emotions, or learn instrumental activities
Who coined the term "kinesics"?
Birdwhistell
Define Kinesics
Body movements & gestures
Define Lateral Eye Movements
Both eyes move together
TRUE or FALSE: Nonverbal behavior is associated most clearly with which component of Shannon & Weaver's (1949) communication model?
Channel
Exaptation is a _______ function
Communicative
Social ________ refers to the ability to project exactly the image you desire
Competence
Define Emblematic Slip
Displaying an emblem without meaning to
Who coined the term "proxemics"?
E.T. Hall
Explain James' (1890) Theory of Emotion
Emotion followed a behavior (see a bear, decide to run --> Because you're running, you feel fear)
Which cultural groups is a person apt to do the most gazing at the speaker while listening?
English Whites
Explain Bem's (1972) Self-Perception Theory
Examining behavior and decide what you're feeling
The common evolutionary process whereby a feature that evolved for one reason gradually takes on a secondary adaptive function is known as...?
Exaptation
Define Affect Displays
Expressions of emotion; Typically facial movements
Define Nonvisual Eye Movements
Eye movements in cognition
TRUE or FALSE: A more relaxed posture usually indicates lower status
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: A sulcus is a ridge on the cerebral cortex surrounded by one or more gyri, which are depression or furrows in the cortex
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: According to MacKay's Model of Intentionality discussed in class, we have different degrees or magnitudes of intention
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: According to our text, infants only a few months old do display expressions consistent with prototypical emotional displays in adults
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: Social footprint cues are short excerpts from the ongoing stream of behavior shown to decoders to judge their accuracy in detecting emotions and other messages
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: The facial primacy effect refers to the fact that in magazine and newspapers pictures, proportionately more of the picture is devoted to men's faces; pictures of women show more of the body
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: While a decoding study typically involves observing what people do, an encoding study involves asking people about their observations or reactions to what someone else has done
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: While nonverbal behavior has phylogenetic primacy, verbal behavior has ontogenetic primacy
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: Young children are quite adept at using listener responses (backchannels) and can mimic adult use of these regulatory gestures and vocal expressions as soon as they begin to speak
FALSE
The instructional tool developed by Ekman for coding the particular muscle movements that occur on the face during the expression of emotion is called the ________ System
Facial Action Coding
What is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis? (Freud)
Facial movement can influence emotional experience; Belief that emotion comes from what your face does. Your face then gives you feedback on what emotion you're feeling.
The South Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea had some trouble discriminating facial expressions of _______ in pictures of faces from people of other cultures
Fear/surprise
Phonations during speech, such as "um" or "ah" are referred to as _______ pauses
Filled
Define Gaze Aversion
In conversation, we tend to look away when we think
What were the dependent and independent variables of the Grin and Bear It: The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response?
Independent: Facial Expressions Dependent: Stress Response
Sir Cyril Burt believed that intelligence was ______, but evidence was fabricated
Inherited
On which tasks do people, in general, tend to have high accuracy?
Judging basic emotions and judging the status difference between two people
Points in a convo where the speaker expects a response from the listener and signals this nonverbally are referred to as...?
Listener response-relevant moments
According to the _______ hypothesis, while each person may be attracted to only the best-looking partners, reality sets in when actual dates are made and individuals are most likely to pair up with other individuals who are similar to them in body build, facial features, and overall physical attractiveness
Matching
Rosenthal & Fode's Rat maze study used what two types of rats?
Maze-dull & Maze-bright rats
Wincing in response to another's pain is known as motor...?
Mimicry
Define Illustrators
Movements that are directly tied to speech, serving to illustrate what is being said verbally
Gestures does NOT include ____
Movements to complete a task
According to lecture, a good taxonomy should consist of categories that are ____ and _______
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive
Define Emblems
Nonverbal acts with a direct verbal translation
If you were in parts of Western Europe and wanted to nonverbally indicate to your conversational partner to keep secret what you were about to say, you would use the...?
Nose tap
Which lines of evidence provides the LEAST support for the notion that there is an innate component to the facial expressions of certain basic emotions?
Observations of identical twins reared apart
Define Observer Bias
Observer sees what they want to see
Exocrinology would most likely fall under which channel of communication?
Olfactory
Give an example of an adaptive function
Opening eyes wide allowed you to see better when startled
Give an example of an exaptive function
Opening eyes wide signaled to someone else that there is something fearful
______ is the study of vocal cues; HOW something is said, rather than WHAT is said
Paralanguage
Define Paralinguistic Functions
Paralanguage refers to non-verbal part of speech; that is, everything but the words
The practice of determining someone's temperament or character from the enduring physical characteristics of their face is known as...?
Physiognomy
Adaptation is a _____ function
Physiological
EMR stands for eye movement rate, which is equal to the number of ____ per second
Saccades
Define Kinemes
Set of movements in a language
Which emotion is NOT considered to be one of the basic emotions?
Shame
Define Social Functions
Some hand movements appear to be a reaction to the presence of others. They may even function to directly regulate the interaction between the speaker listener, especially with regard to changing speaker/listener roles
Define Semantic Functions
Some hand movements are directly related to the word meanings or semantics of the speech; They represent the content of the speaker's message in some way
Define Psychological Functions
Some hand movements have been correlated with psychological states. The most common finding is that certain kinds of hand movements are associated with anxiety or arousal
Define Proxemics
Space
According to _______ theory, people are capable of intentionally varying regional accents to accommodate situational demands
Speech accommodation theory
Research suggests that, if you want people to leave you alone while you're studying, you might consider performing which behavior?
Stick out your tongue
TRUE or FALSE: A main point of Darwin's book was that expressive behaviors have survival value to the species and are maintained or dropped over time in the same way as physical structures
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: According to the criteria problem, low decoding scores may reflect, not poor decoding skills, but poor encoding skills on the part of the person the decoder is evaluating
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Alexithymia refers to a disorder involving difficulty in describing one's own emotions, as well as reduce facial expressiveness
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Although women and girls tend to score higher than men and boys on judging the meaning of nonverbal cues, females do not appear to have an advantage at judging whether or not a person is lying
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Condon & Sander (1974) studied babies 12 hours old whose head, hands, elbows, hips, and leg movements tended to correspond to the rhythms of adult speech; their rhythmic movement patterns did not respond to disconnected speech or plain tapping sounds, suggesting that the patterns of interactional synchrony or meshing are probably acquired prenatally
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Deictic gestures involve pointing
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Emotional contagion occurs when an emotional experience is triggered as a result of mimicking someone else's behavior
TRUE
Which test is MOST like the test you are taking right now?
The TONCK
TRUE or FALSE: Darwin's influential contribution to the study of nonverbal behavior focused on...?
The facial expression of emotion
Define Saccadic Eye Movements
Very brief eye movements
Explain the Spectacular Observation Fallacy
When you take two random people, you'll EVENTUALLY find something in common
When are simulations best used?
When you want to do a field experiment in unobtrusive observation
Define Emblems
Words that are not spoken (American Sign Language)