Nonverbal Communication Final Study Guide

Decoding accuracy for facial expression of emotion is better for....?

Posed than spontaneous expressions

When one of the people in a convo exhibits the same posture or movement as his/her interactional partner, it is referred to as...?

Postural Echo OR Matching

Unlike a gesture, a ____ refers to an action involving a continuous adjustment of every part of the body; for example, a crouch, sprawl, lean, slump, etc

Posture

Sound spectrographs measure the frequency and _______ of sound over time

Amplitude

According to our text, experts believe that ______ produce in a child an understanding of the socially agreed on meaning of different nonverbal cues

An innate repertoire of facial expressions, innate imitative ability, selective reinforcement by caregivers

Define Reactive Measure

Any measure with the action of altering a response under examination

Define Communication

All of the procedures by which one mind can affect another

What are the 3 types of Social Functions?

(1) Appearance Manipulators: Result in a specific change in appearance for appearance's sake (2) Attempt Suppressors: A signal to a listener who may be attempting to take the floor that he or she is NOT to speak (3) Summoners: A signal to a listener that he or she may speak; an invitation to ask a question or make a comment

What are the 6 types of illustrators?

(1) Batons: Movements which time our, accent, or emphasize a particular word or phrase (2) Ideographs: Movements which sketch a path or direction of thought (3) Deictic Movements: Pointing to a present object (4) Spatial Movements: Depicting a spatial relationship (5) Kinetographs: Movements which depict a bodily action (6) Pictographs: Draw a picture of their referent

What are the 2 types of Paralinguistic Functions

(1) Beats: Usually short, quick movements that look like someone is beating musical time (2) Deictics: Pointing gestures

What were the 3 types of smiles in the Grin and Bear It: The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response?

(1) Duchenne Smile Group (2) Standard Group (3) Neutral Expression Group

What are Ekman & Friesen's Categories in Kinesics?

(1) Emblems (2) Illustrators (3) Affect Displays (4) Regulators (5) Adaptors

List the 5 functions of Argyle's (1975) Primary Functions of Nonverbal Behavior

(1) Express emotions (2) Convey interpersonal attitude (3) Convey one's personality (4) Regulating interaction (5) Ambiguous message function

What are the 3 parts of the Invisible System?

(1) Haptics: Use of touch (2) Olfactory: Use of smell (3) Chronemic: Use of time

What are the 3 parts of the Visual System?

(1) Kinesics (2) Proxemics (3) Artifactual

Describe facial muscles

(1) Only about 2-3,000 of the 10,000 possible different combos of muscle movements are relevant to creating facial emotional expressions (2) Although there are 44 different facial muscles, not all of them are used routinely in the facial expression of emotion (3) There are over 100 different kinds of smiles (4) The most common kinds of smiles use about 27 facial muscles

What 2 muscles are involved in smiling?

(1) Orbicularis occuli (2) Zygomaticus major

What are the 2 types of Psychological Functions?

(1) Self-Touches: Hand to body contact that appears to be unconscious rather than purposeful (2) Object/Functional Manipulators: -- Object Manipulators: Involve the seemingly unconscious manipulation of an object -- Functional Manipulators: Involve actions with objects that are performed for a specific purpose (lighting a cigarette)

What are the 3 types of Adaptors?

(1) Self-adaptors: Grooming, cleansing, etc. (2) Alter-directed Adaptors: Movements probably learned in early prototypical interactions (attacking, protecting oneself, establishing affection, intimacy, withdrawal, flight, etc) (3) Object-adaptors: Movement originally learned in the performance of some instrumental task

What are the 5 functions of the Functional Hand Movement Taxonomy?

(1) Social Functions (2) Psychological Functions (3) Paralinguistic Functions (4) Semantic Functions (5) Other functions

What are the 3 systems of Leather's (1976) Nonverbal Systems

(1) Visual System (2) Auditory System (3) Invisible System

What were the results of the Grin and Bear It: The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response?

All smiling participants had lower heart rates than the neutral group

The "eyebrow flash" frequently indicates...?

A "yes" to social contact

What are the PONS?

A method of testing nonverbal decoding ability

Define Regulators

Acts which maintain or regulate the back and forth nature of speaking and listening between 2 or more interactants

We do not always portray pure or single emotional states in which all the parts of the face show a single emotion. Instead, the face may convey multiple emotions. Such expressions are called...?

Affect blends

Define Paralinguistics

Aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words

Define Halo Effect

Attractive people can do no harm

Define Adaptors

Believed to be fragments of adaptive effects to satisfy self or bodily needs, or to perform bodily actions, manage emotions, or learn instrumental activities

Who coined the term "kinesics"?

Birdwhistell

Define Kinesics

Body movements & gestures

Define Lateral Eye Movements

Both eyes move together

TRUE or FALSE: Nonverbal behavior is associated most clearly with which component of Shannon & Weaver's (1949) communication model?

Channel

Exaptation is a _______ function

Communicative

Social ________ refers to the ability to project exactly the image you desire

Competence

Define Emblematic Slip

Displaying an emblem without meaning to

Who coined the term "proxemics"?

E.T. Hall

Explain James' (1890) Theory of Emotion

Emotion followed a behavior (see a bear, decide to run --> Because you're running, you feel fear)

Which cultural groups is a person apt to do the most gazing at the speaker while listening?

English Whites

Explain Bem's (1972) Self-Perception Theory

Examining behavior and decide what you're feeling

The common evolutionary process whereby a feature that evolved for one reason gradually takes on a secondary adaptive function is known as...?

Exaptation

Define Affect Displays

Expressions of emotion; Typically facial movements

Define Nonvisual Eye Movements

Eye movements in cognition

TRUE or FALSE: A more relaxed posture usually indicates lower status

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: A sulcus is a ridge on the cerebral cortex surrounded by one or more gyri, which are depression or furrows in the cortex

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: According to MacKay's Model of Intentionality discussed in class, we have different degrees or magnitudes of intention

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: According to our text, infants only a few months old do display expressions consistent with prototypical emotional displays in adults

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Social footprint cues are short excerpts from the ongoing stream of behavior shown to decoders to judge their accuracy in detecting emotions and other messages

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: The facial primacy effect refers to the fact that in magazine and newspapers pictures, proportionately more of the picture is devoted to men's faces; pictures of women show more of the body

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: While a decoding study typically involves observing what people do, an encoding study involves asking people about their observations or reactions to what someone else has done

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: While nonverbal behavior has phylogenetic primacy, verbal behavior has ontogenetic primacy

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Young children are quite adept at using listener responses (backchannels) and can mimic adult use of these regulatory gestures and vocal expressions as soon as they begin to speak

FALSE

The instructional tool developed by Ekman for coding the particular muscle movements that occur on the face during the expression of emotion is called the ________ System

Facial Action Coding

What is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis? (Freud)

Facial movement can influence emotional experience; Belief that emotion comes from what your face does. Your face then gives you feedback on what emotion you're feeling.

The South Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea had some trouble discriminating facial expressions of _______ in pictures of faces from people of other cultures

Fear/surprise

Phonations during speech, such as "um" or "ah" are referred to as _______ pauses

Filled

Define Gaze Aversion

In conversation, we tend to look away when we think

What were the dependent and independent variables of the Grin and Bear It: The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response?

Independent: Facial Expressions Dependent: Stress Response

Sir Cyril Burt believed that intelligence was ______, but evidence was fabricated

Inherited

On which tasks do people, in general, tend to have high accuracy?

Judging basic emotions and judging the status difference between two people

Points in a convo where the speaker expects a response from the listener and signals this nonverbally are referred to as...?

Listener response-relevant moments

According to the _______ hypothesis, while each person may be attracted to only the best-looking partners, reality sets in when actual dates are made and individuals are most likely to pair up with other individuals who are similar to them in body build, facial features, and overall physical attractiveness

Matching

Rosenthal & Fode's Rat maze study used what two types of rats?

Maze-dull & Maze-bright rats

Wincing in response to another's pain is known as motor...?

Mimicry

Define Illustrators

Movements that are directly tied to speech, serving to illustrate what is being said verbally

Gestures does NOT include ____

Movements to complete a task

According to lecture, a good taxonomy should consist of categories that are ____ and _______

Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive

Define Emblems

Nonverbal acts with a direct verbal translation

If you were in parts of Western Europe and wanted to nonverbally indicate to your conversational partner to keep secret what you were about to say, you would use the...?

Nose tap

Which lines of evidence provides the LEAST support for the notion that there is an innate component to the facial expressions of certain basic emotions?

Observations of identical twins reared apart

Define Observer Bias

Observer sees what they want to see

Exocrinology would most likely fall under which channel of communication?

Olfactory

Give an example of an adaptive function

Opening eyes wide allowed you to see better when startled

Give an example of an exaptive function

Opening eyes wide signaled to someone else that there is something fearful

______ is the study of vocal cues; HOW something is said, rather than WHAT is said

Paralanguage

Define Paralinguistic Functions

Paralanguage refers to non-verbal part of speech; that is, everything but the words

The practice of determining someone's temperament or character from the enduring physical characteristics of their face is known as...?

Physiognomy

Adaptation is a _____ function

Physiological

EMR stands for eye movement rate, which is equal to the number of ____ per second

Saccades

Define Kinemes

Set of movements in a language

Which emotion is NOT considered to be one of the basic emotions?

Shame

Define Social Functions

Some hand movements appear to be a reaction to the presence of others. They may even function to directly regulate the interaction between the speaker listener, especially with regard to changing speaker/listener roles

Define Semantic Functions

Some hand movements are directly related to the word meanings or semantics of the speech; They represent the content of the speaker's message in some way

Define Psychological Functions

Some hand movements have been correlated with psychological states. The most common finding is that certain kinds of hand movements are associated with anxiety or arousal

Define Proxemics

Space

According to _______ theory, people are capable of intentionally varying regional accents to accommodate situational demands

Speech accommodation theory

Research suggests that, if you want people to leave you alone while you're studying, you might consider performing which behavior?

Stick out your tongue

TRUE or FALSE: A main point of Darwin's book was that expressive behaviors have survival value to the species and are maintained or dropped over time in the same way as physical structures

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to the criteria problem, low decoding scores may reflect, not poor decoding skills, but poor encoding skills on the part of the person the decoder is evaluating

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Alexithymia refers to a disorder involving difficulty in describing one's own emotions, as well as reduce facial expressiveness

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Although women and girls tend to score higher than men and boys on judging the meaning of nonverbal cues, females do not appear to have an advantage at judging whether or not a person is lying

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Condon & Sander (1974) studied babies 12 hours old whose head, hands, elbows, hips, and leg movements tended to correspond to the rhythms of adult speech; their rhythmic movement patterns did not respond to disconnected speech or plain tapping sounds, suggesting that the patterns of interactional synchrony or meshing are probably acquired prenatally

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Deictic gestures involve pointing

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Emotional contagion occurs when an emotional experience is triggered as a result of mimicking someone else's behavior

TRUE

Which test is MOST like the test you are taking right now?

The TONCK

TRUE or FALSE: Darwin's influential contribution to the study of nonverbal behavior focused on...?

The facial expression of emotion

Define Saccadic Eye Movements

Very brief eye movements

Explain the Spectacular Observation Fallacy

When you take two random people, you'll EVENTUALLY find something in common

When are simulations best used?

When you want to do a field experiment in unobtrusive observation

Define Emblems

Words that are not spoken (American Sign Language)