Chapter 27, Chapter 28, Test #3

What impact did the New Deal have on American Life.

- Million employed in new government programs. - Social -insurance programs aid elderly and poor. - Government takes more active role in the economy. Political : Failure of banks. Economic: Massive unemployment and low wages The new deal greatly increased the size and scope of federal government The government began to do things it had never done before, from withdrawing taxes directly from workers' paychecks to distributing benefits to the elderly. - Family broke up and husband leave. - Lose jobs ( higher than men ) - Need jobs to support family. Regional public-work projects such as the TVA and Bonneville dam, reduced flooding and provided water for irrigation. Those dams brought electricity to farmers in the Southwest and the Northwest.

What were the Origins of the Cold War?

1) The Yalta Conference 2) Potsdam Conference (Stalin refused to allow free elections in Poland.) 3) Europe (Alliance between the US and the Soviets began to fall apart) 4) communism v. capitalism 5) dictatorship v. democracy 6) Soviets mistrusted the US due to the atomic bombs 7) US believed that the Soviets wanted to rule the world

How did Herbert Hoover respond to the Depression?

1. Great Depression was unprecedented in size - effects could not be predicted and so Hoover was not to blame 2. Hoover firmly believed that it was simply an economic blip and would right itself 3. Hoover simply followed the laissez faire policies of the Republican party 4. Was not in charge during the whole of the 1920s and so was not responsible for the deregulation that caused the crash 5. Believed that the wealthy should be responsible for creating businesses and jobs

World War II and Civil Rights

>> Aspects of the Second World War actually helped generate the Civil Rights movement. During the war, millions of African-Americans either served in the armed forces, or worked in military-related industries throughout the United States. Those opportunities opened their eyes to different ways of living. And different ways of doing things. And of course, those who had served in the military in order to defeat Nazism, came home to feel that they should defeat segregation and racism as well.

The Japanese Defeat in the Pacific

>> In an ironic way, the Japanese lost the Second World War when they attacked the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The reason being, just by force of luck, the American aircraft carriers that were at Pearl Harbor had already left port when the Japanese attacked. As a result, they were not able to destroy the aircraft carriers. And aircraft carriers determined the outcome of the naval war against the Japanese. So that particular weapon, the ability for mobile air bases in the form of aircraft carriers was essentially important to the determination of the war. A second factor was what General Douglas McArthur who led the war against the Japanese in the Pacific described as island hopping. the development of long range bombers enabled the United States to begin pummeling the Japanese economy with daily and nightly raids over Japan. Ultimately of course, the decisive blow was in the form of the two atomic bombs that were dropped. They finally convinced the Japanese to surrender.

Truman's Efforts to Expand the New Deal

>>Harry Truman, who became president after the death of Franklin Roosevelt, very much wanted to continue the New Deal. He also wanted to expand it. And his program he called "the Fair Deal" to differentiate it from what Roosevelt had done. But practically speaking, most of what he accomplished was to expand the New Deal, rather than supplant it. For example, one of the aspects of the Fair Deal was to increase the minimum wage across the country. That was part of the New Deal. In addition, he expanded the coverage of the Social Security Act to include classes of workers, categories of workers that were not originally covered by Social Security, such as what were called "domestic servants," or maids. So those were two successes among the Fair Deal efforts. Most of the major initiatives of the Fair Deal, however, failed to pass the Republican-controlled Congress, especially national health insurance and the reversal of the Taft-Hartley Bill, which had been passed by the Republican Congress in an effort to weaken the power of labor unions. So despite the substantial claims of the Fair Deal and Truman's efforts to extend the New Deal, he in fact did not have the success that he had hoped, in large part because of the growing opposition of the Republican Congress to Democratic efforts to expand social welfare programs that Roosevelt had initiated.

What was the effect of isolationism and the peace movement on American politics between the two world wars?

America distanced itself from global affairs—a stance reflected in the Red Scare, laws limiting immigration, and high tariffs. Yet America could not ignore international events because its business interests were becoming increasingly global. Although the United States never joined the League of Nations, it sent unofficial observers to Geneva. The widespread belief that arms limitations would reduce the chance of future wars led America to participate in the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 and the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928.

The Vietnam War

American presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson believed in what was called the domino theory, that if one country in a region like Southeast Asia fell to communism then all of the neighboring countries would eventually fall to communism as well just like a row of dominos. Kennedy had increased American military involvement in South Vietnam to 16,000 technically called advisors, American troops in South Vietnam supporting the South Vietnamese government. President Johnson told the nation that American forces had been attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. That led Congress to pass what was called the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which essentially gave the president the freedom to engage in warfare in South Vietnam without a formal declaration of war. With that Tonkin Gulf Resolution, the United States effectively went to war in Vietnam, fending off communist insurgencies in South Vietnam and ultimately a communist invasion from North Vietnam.

What Was Truman's Fair Deal?

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

McCarthyism

Anti communist hysteria that led senator McCarthy's witch hunts, attacking the loyalty of politicians, federal employees, and public figures.

President Eisenhower's Influence on Global Affairs

As Dwight Eisenhower prepared to leave the White House after two presidential terms he gave a final address to the nation. In that speech, he warned and worried about the growing scope and scale and expense of what he called the "military-industrial complex." Eisenhower warned how influential the military-industrial complex was in shaping Congressional opinion and Congressional voting. ironically, the great General was also a very cautious participant in the Cold War, as well as in the growth of the "National Security State," as it came to be called.

Factors that enabled the United Sates and its Allies to Win the War in Europe

As the United States entered the Second World War it brought several advantages to the Allied war effort. In particular, over the next four years, the American economy displayed unprecedented productivity in turning out an amazing amount of military weapons and military supplies. At the same time, the leadership among the Allies—Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union—were much better at strategic coordination and military leadership than their counterparts among the Germans and the Japanese. as a result the Allies ultimately claimed victory.

Taft Hartley Labor Act

Banned unfair labor practices by labor unions, required union leaders to to sign anti-communist loyalty oaths and prohibited federal employees to go on strike.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Boycott of the bus system in Alabama, organized by civil rights activists after the arrest of Rosa Parks

Dixiecrats

Breakaway faction of southern democrats; protested the the increased support for civil rights and wanted to nominate their own segregationist candidates.

Suez Crisis

British, French and Israeli attack on Egypt in 1956 after Nasser's seizure of the Suez Canal. Eisenhower demanded that they withdrawal..

Video Transcripts

Chapter 25 - The Great Depression

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Civil rights organization founded by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. that championed non violent civil disobedience as a means of ending segregation

Dien Bien Phu

Cluster of Vietnamese villages and site of major Vietnamese victory over the French

Chapter 28

Cold War America

Suburbia

Communities formed from mass migration of middle class whites from urban centers.

Social Changes Amid World War II

Congress passed the war powers act giving the president and Congress extraordinary powers to regulate the economy on behalf of the war effort. At the same time some 16 million men were drafted into the military service The social changes generated by the war were profound. Not only did millions of American women suddenly go into the workforce or into the military, at the same time minority groups such as African Americans, Latinos and Native Americans played important roles in the war effort. African American units fought courageously throughout the war as did Native Americans who served a key role as code talkers--talking in their Native American languages so that the enemy could not decipher what was being said. All of this served to transform the nature of American society at the same time that Franklin Roosevelt was leading the nation to victory in the Second World War.

NATO

Defensive political and military alliance formed by the U.S, Canada and Western European Nations to deter Soviet Expansion in Europe

China led by Shanghi Shuk

Doctrine of containment - in response to the events in Europe -Stalin - Mediterranean sea -George F. Kennan - warned the U.S. of the Russian expansive agenda (Truman announces Truman Doctrine) -Response to communism trying to take over Greece and Turkey

Main international issues FDR foccused on

Domestic policies a)economic relations trade lagged, loans stopped to Europe b) nations stopped paying US back with debts c) recognition of the Soviet Union - US offered no reassurance to stop Japan from spreading -Stalin didn't like the US tang long to recognize or start trade d) re instituted the God Neighbor Polic -initiated by Hoover, hopes of establishing trade with Latin America -withdrew US troops from Latin america -Roosevelt corollary to Monroe Doctrine god rid of Kellogg Briand Pact which was an attempt to outlaw war

President Eisenhower's Foreign Policy Priorities

Dwight Eisenhower emerged from the success of the second war as perhaps the most popular man in the nation. A former Army General, most concerned about avoiding another military conflict. For example, when the communists in Vietnam threatened to take control of the nation, he refused to intervene as the French were besieged at the battle of Dien Bien Phu. Even though the French desperately pleaded for American assistance and the use of atomic bombs in Vietnam, Eisenhower refused because he did not want to get involved or bogged down in a costly land war in Asia. Likewise, he managed the ongoing confrontation during the Cold War with the Soviet Union with great finesse. Eisenhower was remarkably effective at constraining American military involvement abroad and also as a peacemaker in trying to broker a peace settlement in the Suez Crisis in Egypt.

Berlin Airlift

Effort by the U.S and Great Britain to deliver massive amounts of food and supplies flown in to West Berlin in response to the Soviet land blockade of the city

The Road to WWII

Focused on domestic issues. neglected international affairs didn't join league of nations

Truman

Foreign policy must change a) cannot depend on a country against communism b) stop only communism from expanding

Beats

Group of Bohemian downtown New York writers, artists, and musicians who flouted convention in favor of liberated forms of self expression.

Class Notes

Group-me

Baby boom

High birth rates following the years of WW2, leading to the biggest demographic bubble in US history

He raised taxes and tariffs to seal out imports from coming into the United States. All of those efforts ended up backfiring, the Depression was worse than ever.

Hoover's Response

What caused the Great Depression Roaring 20's. People buying on credit leading to Bank failure panic - bank run. The stock market crashed from business investments losing money. (FDR) doing too much, some ideas blocked CCC jobs in the forest. FDIC bank protection. TVA job to build dams). Hoovervilles: shanty towns of houses from anything they can find. New Deal policy Impacts - FDR elected after does almost too much by passing a lot of laws and ideas that some get blocked, but his new deal is about getting us out the repression by the -CCC the Civilian Conservation Corp young men job opportunities in the forest FDIC: Bank protection still currently active today at the bottom of our bank cards because of bank failures in the depression, bank holiday close banks, reopen ones will be ones the people can trust TVA: Tennessee Valley giving jobs to build dams to provide hydroelectricity dual purpose. How did Hoover respond to the Great Depression: He handled it horribly, that's the reason why his idea was sit back and bounce back as a country but this was not something we could bounce back from . This was something that the Government needed to get involved in and come up with ways to create jobs for people. Severe drought in the Midwest with farmers not able to make money as the land dried up overgrowing the land up to dust. left jobs. For example, the book called "The Grapes of Wrath," leaving farms and home to make more money in California for a better life. Shows farmers "Dust Bowl"

How did Hoover respond to the Great Depression: He handled it horribly, that's the reason why his idea was sit back and bounce back as a country but this was not something we could bounce back from . This was something that the Government needed to get involved in and come up with ways to create jobs for people. Severe drought in the Midwest with farmers not able to make money as the land dried up overgrowing the land up to dust. left jobs. For example, the book called "The Grapes of Wrath," leaving farms and home to make more money in California for a better life. Shows farmers "Dust Bowl"

What efforts did the Allies make to shape the postwar world?

In January 1942, the Allied nations signed the Declaration of the UN. The Big Three -- FDR, Churchill, and Stalin -- meeting the Yalta in February 945, decided that Europe would be divided into occupation zones.

CIA

Intelligence gathering government agency

Kellogg Briand Pact

International trade lagged FDR wanted Latin America as an ally, use economic influence and dominate their economic and political structures

How did events in Asia lead to Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor

Japan started to take territory all over Asia even colonial territory > us cut oil off cause they ****ed with European claims > Japan got pissed off

Japanese Militarism in Asia

Japanese militarists gained increasing control of the Japanese government. And soon put in motion steps to create a Japanese empire throughout East Asia. Initially their focus was on China. they invaded China and there was an all-out war between Japan and China. As a result President Roosevelt and diplomats within the state department increasingly began to find ways to restrict Japanese military advances in East Asia. specifically, the United States began cutting off access to strategic products such as oil and gasoline from the United States. Eventually the Japanese decided that the United States was going to continue to be a thorn in the side of its imperial objectives and so that led them to decide on the bold step of a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. And the United States suddenly found itself in a war that it had never predicted, expected nor prepared for.

JFK and Communism

John F. Kennedy was what was called a Cold War liberal; he believed in a very aggressive foreign policy to contain communism at the same time that he promoted liberal social programs. Kennedy inherited from President Eisenhower a secret plan by the CIA to use Cuban rebels to invade Cuba and overthrow the communist regime of Fidel Castro. Bay of Pigs: This invasion attempt called the Bay of Pigs was an utter failure. The invaders were quickly captured and imprisoned and John Kennedy had a terrific embarrassment in terms of world public opinion. Berlin Wall: the Soviets decided to build the Berlin Wall dividing the east and west to prevent East Berliners and East Europeans from escaping and going into West Berlin John F. Kennedy was determined to contain the spread of communism even by using military force abroad. By the time president Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, he had taken one of the most aggressive stances against communism since Truman and Eisenhower.

Brown vs Board of Education

Land mark Supreme Court case that struck down racial segregation in public schools and declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional.

Federal Aid Highway Act

Largest federal project in U.S history that created a national network of interstate highways and was the largest federal project in history.

Mussolini - Italy Hitler -Germany: both nationalist and militarist views

Mussolini invaded Ethiopia to begin his vision of imperialism, they failed miserably Hitler began to preach racial superiority - posed threat to European peace, blamed Jews for everything Final solution: exterminate Jews in containment camps

Chapter 29

New Frontiers

The Korean War

North Korean communist armies crossed the border between north and South Korea and invaded South Korea in an effort to unify that divided nation under communist rule. President Truman and his advisors were convinced that the North Koreans were being pushed to do so by Stalin and the Soviet Union, that this was still another example of the aggressive expansionism of soviet communism in the midst of the Cold War. President Truman made a decisive response to the news of the Korean War. Whereby he committed United States military forces and organized a United Nations effort to send troops into South Korea to help the South Korean army defend itself and ultimately push back the North Korean invaders. Nevertheless, the Korean War ended and it reverted to the situation before the war broke out. In the process however, the Korean War only magnified fears in America that the Soviet Union was intent upon aggressive expansionism around the world and we needed to be prepared for it.

Chapter 25

Old Quiz let from Test #2

Moderate Republicanism

Promise to curb federal government and restore state and local government authority, spearheaded by President Eisenhower

Why is Hoover considered a failure with his policies to Combat the Depression, while F.D.R. is considered a success with the New Deal?

One difference between the administrations of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and President Herbert Hoover is that Roosevelt was more willing to use government intervention to solve economic problems During the Great Depression, expressions such as Hoovervilles and Hoover blankets showed that President Hoover was blamed for the suffering of the poor Hoover believed that America's economic recovery depended primarily on reforming the business community, while Roosevelt favored the provision of direct federal relief to individuals.

GI bill of rights

Provided unemployment, education and financial benefits for world war 2 veterans, to ease their transition back to the civilian world.

Gentleman's agreement

Racist views against Japanese. Japanese students in San Francisco schools segregated Japanese mandated islands solomans maryalices US wanted to outlaw war

Chapters 27 - 28 Syllabus

Post war America

Marshall plan

Post world war 2 program providing massive U.S financial and technical assistance to war torn European nations

Richard Nixon's Victory

President Johnson shocked the world by announcing that he was not going to run for re-election. His decision resulted largely from the fact that he was challenged by two Democrats for the re-nomination: Senators Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota and Robert Kennedy of New York Vice President Hubert Humphrey was nominated as the Democratic candidate for president, but at the same time the nation watched the Democratic Party disintegrate as a result of the chaos in Chicago. "Southern Strategy" used by the Republicans and Nixon enabled him to win the South, the first Republican to have great success in a presidential election in the South. So Nixon was elected, Humphrey was defeated, The Republicans were triumphant and now Richard Nixon would be faced with the challenge of ending the Vietnam War.

JFK and Civil Rights

President Kennedy was a reluctant participant in the emerging Civil Rights Movement. First, he was preoccupied with international crises and foreign policy during his short tenure as president, and second, he was very nervous about pushing civil rights for fear of alienating Southern Democratic congressmen on whose support he relied. As a result of that, initially Kennedy did not promote civil rights activism. Over time, however, civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr. and many others, took it upon themselves to organize demonstrations in the South, demonstrations that ultimately triggered violent reactions including by the police in Southern cities such a Birmingham, and those incidents eventually forced President Kennedy and his brother Robert Kennedy, the attorney general, to use the force of the federal government, both the Justice Department and federal troops, to intervene in these very volatile situations in the South.

Warsaw Pact

Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact in response to NATO

What was the cause for McCarthyism?

Soviet successfully established Communist regimes in Eastern Europe adter WWII, Soviets developed the atomic bomb more quickly than expected, Korean wars ended in a stalemate, Republicans gained poiliticaly by accusing Truman and Democrats of being soft on Communism Millions of Americans were forced to take loyalty oaths, Activism and labor unions goes into decline, Many people become afraid to speak out on public issues, Anti-communism continues to drive foreign policy.

Massive retaliation

Strategy that used the threat of a nuclear warfare as a means of combating communism.

Chapter 25

Syllabus

Chapter 26

Syllabus - Isolationism, the Road to War and World War II

Non violent civil disobedience

Tactic of defying unjust laws by peaceful actions

Why did fear of Communism escalate in the years following World War II?

The deepening Cold War, fears of Soviet nuclear weapons, and bitter political divisions at home fueled fears of internal subversion in the late 1940s and 1950s. The danger of Soviet espionage was real, but efforts to ensure loyalty reached beyond what was necessary for national security.

Chapter 27

The Cold War and The fair Deal

The Cold War

The Cold War was largely a war of words and threats and mutual suspicions between the United States and the Soviet Union as they emerged as the two most powerful nations in the world. Having been allies in defeating Nazism, they very quickly became enemies as they decided how best to reconstruct that post-war world. The United States of course was a capitalist democracy. The Soviet Union was a totalitarian communist state intent upon spreading communist ideology around the world. Also the tensions over the atomic bomb. The fact that the United States had employed atomic bombs in the defeat of Japan and the Soviet Union did not yet have an atomic bomb that only increased suspicion between these two rival nations.

Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society

The Great Society, like the New Deal under Franklin Roosevelt, included an array of new programs—federal programs, government initiatives. Probably the most important was the institution of what's called Medicare, providing medical insurance for the elderly. Over time, the Great Society programs like the War on Poverty tried to do too much, too fast, and were too expensive.

Chapter 29 Syllabus

The Resurgence of liberalism and Vietnam

Chapter 26

The Second World War

FDR's New Deal - Relief - Recovery, Reform

The first thing that Roosevelt and the "New Dealers" tried to do was to stop the sense of panic in American life. by declaring an emergency banking holiday that closed all of the banks for four days in order to shore them up and be able to promise Americans that they could take their money and put it back in the banks and stop the panic. A second emphasis of the early New Deal was on regenerating economic growth, and Roosevelt focused on two major measures to do this. The first was called the National Industrial Recovery Act and its focus was on getting industries, factories, and businesses humming again. The second was the Agricultural Administration Act was designed to get the farm sector improving again by raising crop prices and prices for livestock. relief. Relieving the distress caused by the great depression and millions of people out of work and out of their homes. Roosevelt did this by trying to create an array of new laws and new programs designed to put people to work. Probably the most famous was the CCC Civilian Conservation Corps, that employed young men in working on projects around the country improving conservation, improving forestry, improving their own sense of self worth and discipline. Finally, a fourth category of New Deal programs was Reform, whereby the Roosevelt administration sought to address the ways in which inadequate government regulation had unwittingly caused the Depression. In particular, he created the Securities and Exchange Commission. Specifically designed to regulate the activities on Wall Street (the stock market), to ensure that it was more honest and efficient in its operations and not being corrupted by dangerous practices.

The Red Scare

The growing fear of soviet communism and especially the news that the soviets had developed their own atomic weapons created prolong fear and consternation in the American public. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin and many other politicians seized advantage of this Red Scare to launch their own crusade against communism especially trying to root out communists that were supposedly working for the federal government McCarthyism became a word, a synonym for the Red Scare. But the Red Scare was real. People were genuinely afraid. They were concerned and they were nervous about the security of the United States in the face of the advance of communism around the world. The Red Scare as much as anything shaped the contours of American life during the 50s.

Falling Domino Theory

Theory that if one Country fell to communism, its neighboring Countries would follow.

The Limitations of the New Deal

There were more people unemployed. There were more people homeless. There were more people struggling and suffering. There were more people going hungry every day than ever before in American history So even though Franklin Roosevelt and the new dealers did more than ever before to try to inject new energy into the economy and deal with the unprecedented social effects of the Great Depression, they never did enough to truly stimulate the economy.

What impact did Dwight Eisenhower's foreign policy have on U.S. relations with the Soviet Union?

They both considered the spread of communism the greatest threat to the free world. Eisenhower thought Truman's approach dragged the US into conflicts. He thought these conflicts drained resources. He opposed spending billions of dollars on conventional forces such as troops, ships, tanks, and artillery. He focused on stockpiling nuclear weapons and building planes, missiles, and submarines to transport them.

NSC-68

Top secret policy paper approved by Truman that outlined a militaristic approach to combating the spread of global communism.

Cold War

Truman becomes president Potsdam conference/ wartime diplomacy a) Casablanca Conference b) Teheran Conference c)Yalt coneference

Fair Deal

Truman's proposals to build upon the new deal with national health insurance, the repeal of the Taft-Hartley labor act, new civil rights legislation, etc.

Containing Communism

Truman,In an effort to contain the expansion of soviet communism, and provide military and economic assistance to Greece and Turkey in order to help them fend off communist insurgencies announced the Truman doctrine which essentially said the United States was determined to contain the spread of communism wherever it might emerge around the world. In that regard, secretary of state Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, whereby the United States committed billions of dollars to restore the economies of western European nations that were threatened with communist insurgencies. The result was that the soviets dropped the blockade. They would end up building a wall between east and West Berlin but nevertheless Truman's determined opposition to the Berlin blockade demonstrated once again his commitment to containment. Containment became the center piece of America's Cold War strategy and thereafter for decades.

Containment

U.S Cold War strategy that sought to prevent global soviet expansion and influence through political, economic and military pressure as a means of combating the spread of communism.

Dawes Plan

U.S give money to Germany to pay back England and France and pay us back

Massive Resistance

White rallying cry disrupting federal efforts to enforce racial integration in the South

Hitler and the Nazis

a young alienated German named Adolph Hitler formed the Nazi party specifically to overthrow the Versailles treaty and its restrictions on Germany's freedom. For example once Hitler took power, he systematically began rearming the German military by taking back territories given to France to administer as a result of the treaty. Next, he systematically began invading his neighboring countries to create the Third Reich a great new German empire. First by taking control of Austria--his own homeland and then the western portion of Czech and then all of Czechoslovakia itself. The final straw came in September when the Germans invaded their neighbor to the east, Poland and triggered the British and the French finally declaring war to stop Hitler.

Factors

a) the nationalist Gov. of China collapsed and communism took over b) Japan was looked upon as the buffer against Asian comunism c) Soviet Union exploded on Atomic bomb (5 years before anticipated) be of communist infitration

What was the aim of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society program, and how successful was it?

attempt to fix problems? through a series of government programs aimed at increasing people's social freedoms They provided more opportunities for people at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder and helped reduce significantly the number of Americans living below the poverty line. They also increased environmental and consumer protections and supported the arts, public radio, and public television

The Efforts of President Roosevelt and the Allies to Shape the Postwar World

challenges felt by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill of Great Britain in conducting a war effort that not only would win the war on the ground, but shape the post-war world in the image of what the allied leaders felt was best to promote the values of the Western Alliance; in particular, representative government, democracy, individual freedom. At the famous Yalta Conference, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill recognized the difficulty of dictating to the Soviet Union what the map of post-war Europe should look like as they realized the Soviet armies were in control of those territories. the result was that the post-war world did not look like what Franklin Roosevelt would have desired had he lived to see it, but instead it represented the very practical reality that the Soviet Union was determined to ensure that it never again was invaded from Western Europe.

HUAC

committee of the U.S house of representatives formed in 1938, originally used to investigate Nazi subversion, but turned to root out communists in the motion picture industry

National Security Act

created a department of defense, the national security council and the CIA.

Washington conference

dealt with national disarments

Lyndon B. Johnson's War on poverty

declared war on poverty, promising that his programs—his initiatives that he was sending to congress—would eliminate poverty in the United States. Among those programs was a Head Start program intended for poor preschool children to try to give them a head start in terms of their educational experience. He also created a Job Corps for unemployed, urban, inner-city youth. High unemployment among teenagers in the inner-cities was indeed a challenge then as it is today. initiation of a food stamp program where people, according to income standards, were eligible to receive food stamps that would subsidize the cost of their grocery bill each week Over time they may have slowed the rate of growth of poverty, but ultimately they did not defeat poverty. They were effective in some respects and inefficient in others, well-managed and poorly-managed; Johnson tried to do too much too fast, and as a result, the War on Poverty became an unending conflict for his administration.

Isolationist period

experienced between war but failed to form lasting relations with other nations. FDR faced changes of international stability failing, juggled domestic and foreign affairs. US negotiated a separate peace treaty with Germany

Causes of the great depression

overproduction, crisis in farming, rising gap in rich and poor, stock market, stock market triggers banking crisis, federal reserve, hawley-smott tariff. the stock market crash of 1929

Truman Doctrine

program to contain communism in Eastern Europe and providing economic and military aid to any nations at risk of a communist takeover.

Separate but equal

ruled in the Plessy v. Ferguson case

Nato

strengthen military capabilities If one country is attacked, they're all attacked. maintained a military force

Iron Curtain

term by Winston Churchill to describe the the Cold War between western europe and the soviet union's Eastern European satellites.

Responses to the Outbreak of the War in Europe and Asia

the Second World War erupted as a result of Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler invading Poland, the United States found itself in a similar position to that before it entered the First World War. That is, the United States officially wanted to remain neutral and stay out of the fighting. And yet as the war deepened, President Roosevelt, privately and eventually in public, recognized that after the fall of France in 1940 and the threat against Great Britain by a Nazi invasion of that island nation, the United States now could not afford to remain neutral. So increasingly, Roosevelt tried to move the American public and the Congress toward that same recognition that the United States needed to provide its allies, Great Britain and France, with the weapons and with the materials so that they could fend off the advance of Nazi forces at the same time as Japan took advantage of the insecurity of East Asia and expanded its control over a number of nations

Dissent and Anxiety in Postwar American Society

the economy was extraordinarily strong and prosperous. The middle-class was growing dramatically in the United States. The suburbs were experiencing phenomenal growth, as many Americans who during the Depression years could not afford a home now rushed to have their own home. As did the millions of military veterans who suddenly return from service abroad to resume life as civilians. So at the same time there was remarkable prosperity, there was growing social criticism of the nature of post-war American life. The emergence of huge corporations, like General Motors and IBM, in which employees were one of tens of thousands of people in their company, rather than a few hundred or a few dozen. As a result, critics charged that America was becoming monotonous and homogenized and bland and conformist. Those criticisms began to take hold, especially in the form of new music, like rock n' roll, that was of course an explicit affront to traditional American values. So too did the criticism of American society and its complacency provoke the first phase of what claimed to be called the Civil Rights Movement. More and more Americans began to criticize a society that was taking itself for granted and not addressing its major social issues.

What were the goals of John F. Kennedy's New Frontier program, and how successful was it?

to tackle issues of poverty, gender, and racial discrimination and to make sure that the Soviet Union did not outperform the United States in terms of scientific achievements