World History Chapter 10 Review

Greek Fire

A Byzantine invention similar to a flame thrower; used to save Constantinople during a siege by invading Arabs

Cyrillic Alphabet

A Slavic script based an the Greek alphabet; became the foundational script for the Russian and Slavic alphabets

Bosporus

A straight located in the southeastern corner of Europe (in modern Turkey)

Icon

Abstract, simplified images or pictures of Christ, Mary, or one of the early saints

Byzantium, Constantinople

Also called New Rome; capital of the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Text

Became the basis of Erasmus's 1516 edition of the Greek New Testament and of all Protestant translations made of the New Testament during the Reformation

Methodius

Byzantine missionary who carried Eastern Orthodoxy to the Bulgars, Moravians, and Slavs in the 9th century

Mohammad II

Called "the Conqueror"; leader of 150,000 Ottoman Turks; defeated Constantinople in 1453

Seljuk Turks

Came west in the 11th century and took much of the Middle East from the Arabs accepted Islam and became extremely fanatical; won a major victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071

A.D. 395

Date for the division of the Roman Empire

Alexius Comnenus

Emperor who conceived a new plan to save his lands by appealing to the Roman church to drive out the "infidels"

Heraculies

Emperor who defeated the Avars and the Persians and partitioned the empire into military provinces

Basil II

Emperor who further reinforced the borders of the empire; his reign marked the peak of Byzantine commercial activity and economic prosperity

Basil I

Emperor who led a restoration of Byzantium's power and regained much Anatolian and Balkan territory for the empire

Leo III

General who saved Constantinople during the second siege by the Arabs

Belisarius

Justinian's gifted general who reestablished the Roman imperium over North Africa, Italy, and parts of Spain

Ottoman Turks

Laid siege to and finally captured Constantinople in 1453

Constantine XI

Last Byzantine emperor; pleaded with the West for help

Cyril

The "Apostle to the Slaves"

The preservation of the Greek New Testament

The Byzantine church's greatest contribution to civilization

Fourth Crusade

The Crusade that sacked Constantinople

Theodora

The Empress of Justinian I; advised him on many important legal and political affairs

Easter Orthodox Church

The church (also known as the Greek Orthodox Church) that gradually developed after the permanent division of the Roman Empire; claimed to have remained more orthodox (doctrinally correct) than its Western counterpart

Justinian Code

The codification of existing Roman law, which he combined with Biblical principles

Iconoclastic Controversy

The controversy of whether people should pray to and worship icons

1071; The Seljuk Turks won the Battle of Manzikert over the Byzantines allowing the Turks to overrun Asia Minor and threaten the Empire

The date and outcome of the Battle of Manzikert

1204

The date for the fall of the Byzantine Empire

Justinian I

The first great leader of the Byzantine Empire; desired to restore the old Roman Empire's glory through a program of military expansion, architectural activity, and political affairs

Hagia Sophia

The most magnificent church building in the early Middle Ages and the greatest achievement of Byzantine architecture; means "Holy Wisdom"

Christendom

The portion of the world in which Christianity was the dominate religion