World History Chapter 10 Review
Greek Fire
A Byzantine invention similar to a flame thrower; used to save Constantinople during a siege by invading Arabs
Cyrillic Alphabet
A Slavic script based an the Greek alphabet; became the foundational script for the Russian and Slavic alphabets
Bosporus
A straight located in the southeastern corner of Europe (in modern Turkey)
Icon
Abstract, simplified images or pictures of Christ, Mary, or one of the early saints
Byzantium, Constantinople
Also called New Rome; capital of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Text
Became the basis of Erasmus's 1516 edition of the Greek New Testament and of all Protestant translations made of the New Testament during the Reformation
Methodius
Byzantine missionary who carried Eastern Orthodoxy to the Bulgars, Moravians, and Slavs in the 9th century
Mohammad II
Called "the Conqueror"; leader of 150,000 Ottoman Turks; defeated Constantinople in 1453
Seljuk Turks
Came west in the 11th century and took much of the Middle East from the Arabs accepted Islam and became extremely fanatical; won a major victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071
A.D. 395
Date for the division of the Roman Empire
Alexius Comnenus
Emperor who conceived a new plan to save his lands by appealing to the Roman church to drive out the "infidels"
Heraculies
Emperor who defeated the Avars and the Persians and partitioned the empire into military provinces
Basil II
Emperor who further reinforced the borders of the empire; his reign marked the peak of Byzantine commercial activity and economic prosperity
Basil I
Emperor who led a restoration of Byzantium's power and regained much Anatolian and Balkan territory for the empire
Leo III
General who saved Constantinople during the second siege by the Arabs
Belisarius
Justinian's gifted general who reestablished the Roman imperium over North Africa, Italy, and parts of Spain
Ottoman Turks
Laid siege to and finally captured Constantinople in 1453
Constantine XI
Last Byzantine emperor; pleaded with the West for help
Cyril
The "Apostle to the Slaves"
The preservation of the Greek New Testament
The Byzantine church's greatest contribution to civilization
Fourth Crusade
The Crusade that sacked Constantinople
Theodora
The Empress of Justinian I; advised him on many important legal and political affairs
Easter Orthodox Church
The church (also known as the Greek Orthodox Church) that gradually developed after the permanent division of the Roman Empire; claimed to have remained more orthodox (doctrinally correct) than its Western counterpart
Justinian Code
The codification of existing Roman law, which he combined with Biblical principles
Iconoclastic Controversy
The controversy of whether people should pray to and worship icons
1071; The Seljuk Turks won the Battle of Manzikert over the Byzantines allowing the Turks to overrun Asia Minor and threaten the Empire
The date and outcome of the Battle of Manzikert
1204
The date for the fall of the Byzantine Empire
Justinian I
The first great leader of the Byzantine Empire; desired to restore the old Roman Empire's glory through a program of military expansion, architectural activity, and political affairs
Hagia Sophia
The most magnificent church building in the early Middle Ages and the greatest achievement of Byzantine architecture; means "Holy Wisdom"
Christendom
The portion of the world in which Christianity was the dominate religion