Chapter 29: Modernism in Europe, 1900 to 1945

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collage

A composition made by combining various materials on a flat surface, such as newspaper, wallpaper, printed text and illustrations, photographs, and cloth.

photomontage

A composition made by pasting together pictures or parts of pictures, especially photographs.

Orphism

A form of Cubism developed by the French painter Robert Delaunay in which color plays an important role.

Deconstructivism

A late-20th-century architectural style. Deconstructivist architects attempt to disorient the observer by disrupting the conventional categories of architecture. The haphazard presentation of volumes, masses, planes, lighting, and so forth challenges the viewer's assumptions about form as it relates to function.

Synthetic Cubism

A later phase of Cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abstraction.

gouache

A painting medium similar to watercolor mixed with gum.

Bauhaus

A school of architecture in Germany in the 1920s under the aegis of Walter Gropius, who emphasized the unity of art, architecture, and design.

International Style

A style of 20th-century architecture associated with Le Corbusier, whose elegance of design came to influence the look of modern office buildings and skyscrapers.

Surrealism

A successor to Dada, Surrealism incorporated the improvisational nature of its predecessor into its exploration of the ways to express in art the world of dreams and the unconscious. Biomorphic Surrealists, such as Joan Miró, produced largely abstract compositions. Naturalistic Surrealists, notably Salvador Dalí, presented recognizable scenes transformed into a dream or nightmare image.

triptych

A three-paneled painting, ivory plaque, or altarpiece. Also, a small, portable shrine with hinged wings used for private devotion.

Suprematism

A type of art formulated by Kazimir Malevich to convey his belief that the supreme reality in the world is pure feeling, which attaches to no object and thus calls for new, nonobjective forms in art shapes not related to objects in the visible world.

woodcut

A wood block on the surface of which those parts not intended to print are cut away to a slight depth, leaving the design raised; also, the printed impression made with such a block.

Cubism

An early-20th-century art movement that rejected naturalistic depictions, preferring compositions of shapes and forms abstracted from the conventionally perceived world.

cutaway

An architectural drawing that combines an exterior view with an interior view of part of a building.

Futurism

An early-20th-century Italian art movement that championed war as a cleansing agent and that celebrated the speed and dynamism of modern technology.

Constructivism

An early-20th-century Russian art movement formulated by Naum Gabo, who built up his sculptures piece by piece in space instead of carving or modeling them. In this way the sculptor worked with "volume of mass" and "volume of space" as different materials.

Fauvism

An early-20th-century art movement led by Henri Matisse. For the Fauves, color became the formal element most responsible for pictorial coherence and the primary conveyor of meaning.

Dada

An early-20th-century art movement prompted by a revulsion against the horror of World War I. Dada embraced political anarchy, the irrational, and the intuitive. A disdain for convention, often enlivened by humor or whimsy, is characteristic of the art the Dadaists produced.

Purism

An early-20th-century art movement that embraced the "machine aesthetic" and sought purity of form in the clean functional lines of industrial machinery.

Naturalistic Surrealism

Art presenting recognizable scenes transformed into a dream or nightmare image.

ferroconcrete

Concrete cast in place with metal reinforcement embedded in the concrete

nonobjective

Describing a painting or sculpture composed of shapes unrelated to objects in the visible world.

avant-garde

French, "advance guard" (in a platoon). Late-19th- and 20th-century artists who emphasized innovation and challenged established convention in their work. Also used as an adjective.

trompe l'oeil

French, "fools the eye." A form of illusionistic painting that aims to deceive viewers into believing that they are seeing real objects rather than a representation of those objects.

maquette

French, "model."

journaux

French, "newspapers."

papier colle

French, "pasted paper."

jouir

French, "to enjoy."

coller

French, "to paste."

jouer

French, "to play."

Fauves

French, "wild beasts."

Kommerzbank

German, "commerce bank."

Neue Sachlichkeit

German, "new objectivity." An art movement that grew directly out of the World War I experiences of a group of German artists who sought to show the horrors of the war and its effects.

automatism

In painting, the process of yielding oneself to instinctive motions of the hands after establishing a set of conditions (such as size of paper or medium) within which a work is to be created.

Pittura Metafisica

Italian, "metaphysical painting." An early-20th-century Italian art movement led by Giorgio de Chirico, whose work conveys an eerie mood and visionary quality.

Simultaneisme

Robert Delaunay's version of Cubism in which he created spatial effects and kaleidoscopic movement solely through color contrasts; also known as Orphism.

kinetic sculpture

Sculpture with moving parts.

Analytic Cubism

The first phase of Cubism, developed jointly by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, in which the artists analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pictorial whole.

Primitivism

The incorporation in early-20th-century Western art of stylistic elements from the artifacts of Africa, Oceania, and the native peoples of the Americas.

Expressionism

Twentieth-century art that is the result of the artist's unique inner or personal vision and that often has an emotional dimension. Expressionism contrasts with art focused on visually describing the empirical world.


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