chapter 3 bio smartbook
capsule
gelatinous sheath that surrounds and protects the cell
True or false: Peptidoglycan is a structural component of the cell walls of bacteria, archaeans, and eukaryotes.
false
Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called _________ filaments.
intermediate
Which organelle is formed in the Golgi apparatus?
lysosome
The organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the
nucleus
The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called
organelles
The action known as ___________, or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.
secretion
The release of cellular products from a cell is called:
secretion
fimbriae
short appendages used for attachment
The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the
stroma
Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of
thylakoids.
The nucleoplasm has a different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell.
true
True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.
true
True or false: Lysosomes and peroxisomes are structurally similar, but differ according to the enzymes that they contain.
true
True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall.
false
Some bacteria have short extracellular appendages that function in attachment. These appendages are called __________
fimbriae
A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) ______. This is the location of rRNA production.
nucleolus
The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called
nucleoplasm
The semifluid medium within a cell is called the________
cytoplasm
The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the
endomembrane system.
Tay-Sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function of lysosomal __________, such as beta-hexosaminidase.
enzymes
One meter is equal to how many centimeters (cm)?
100
One micrometers (μm) is equal to how many nanometers (nm)?
1000
Mitochondria use carbohydrates to produce:
ATP
The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy dependent cellular reactions is _________.
ATP
Which molecule is used to fuel all energy dependent cellular processes?
ATP
Chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, undergoes coiling and condenses during cell division to form
Chromosomes
The internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred as the ____________.
Cytoskeleton
Which of these cells have a membrane bound nucleus?
Eukaryotes only
Which organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then repackages them for export in secretory vesicles?
Golgi apparatus
A protistan engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. Which organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down this molecule?
Lysosome
A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a
Lysosomes
Bacterial cell walls contain which complex molecule composed of carbohydrate chains connected by peptides?
Peptidoglycan
Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of which type of organelle?
Peroxisomes
Which organelle is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus?
Ribosome
Formerly called microfilaments, ___________ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion.
actin
Chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize _______ during a process called photosynthesis.
carbohydrates
The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the _______
cell
The smallest structure capable of performing all the basic functions of life is the
cell
Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?
cell theory
Evidence supports a similar process for the origin of the energy organelles, the __________ that carry out photosynthesis and the _________that carry out cellular respiration.
chloroplasts; mitochondria
Due to a mutation in the HEXA gene, a substance called GM2, normally present in the tissues and nerve cells of the brain, accumulates there. This mutation mainly effects enzymes associated with which organelle in an affected individuals' cells?
lysosomes
All cells, except prokaryotes, covert carbohydrate energy to ATP within an organelle called the
mitochondria
In a eukaryotic cell, within which organelle does cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria
Molecules that can attach, detach, and reattach to actin filaments to produce movement are called:
motor molecules
What is the main function of the bacterial cell wall?
protection
Chromatin consists of DNA and associated:
proteins
The rough ER differs from the smooth ER in that it is covered with:
ribosomes
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with:
ribosomes
Which two statements are part of the cell theory?
- All organisms are made up of cells. - All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cells in which two domains lack a membrane-bound nucleus?
- Archaea - Eubacteria
Select the following which relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell.
- Cell shape - Cilia and flagella - Organelle movement
Which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments?
- Formation of cell-to-cell junctions - Support the nuclear envelope - Support the plasma membrane
Which of the following are components of the endomembrane system?
- Golgi apparatus - The nuclear envelope - Endoplasmic reticulum - Vesicles
Which of the following are components of the cytoskeleton?
- Microtubules - Intermediate filaments - Actin filaments
Select all examples of cells that are prokaryotic.
- archaeal cell - bacterial cell
Select all of these that are components of the cytoplasm.
- dissolved organic molecules - water - salts
Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use?
- mitochondria - chloroplasts
Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi?
Chitin
The process of photosynthesis occurs within organelles called ___________.
Chloroplast
The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called
cellulose
According to endosymbiotic theory, organelles specific to plants called __________, probably evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors.
chloroplast
flagella
long thin appendages used for locomotion
Which protein forms microtubules in the cell?
tubulin