chapter 3 bio smartbook

capsule

gelatinous sheath that surrounds and protects the cell

True or false: Peptidoglycan is a structural component of the cell walls of bacteria, archaeans, and eukaryotes.

false

Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called _________ filaments.

intermediate

Which organelle is formed in the Golgi apparatus?

lysosome

The organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the

nucleus

The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called

organelles

The action known as ___________, or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

secretion

The release of cellular products from a cell is called:

secretion

fimbriae

short appendages used for attachment

The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the

stroma

Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of

thylakoids.

The nucleoplasm has a different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell.

true

True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.

true

True or false: Lysosomes and peroxisomes are structurally similar, but differ according to the enzymes that they contain.

true

True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall.

false

Some bacteria have short extracellular appendages that function in attachment. These appendages are called __________

fimbriae

A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) ______. This is the location of rRNA production.

nucleolus

The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called

nucleoplasm

The semifluid medium within a cell is called the________

cytoplasm

The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the

endomembrane system.

Tay-Sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function of lysosomal __________, such as beta-hexosaminidase.

enzymes

One meter is equal to how many centimeters (cm)?

100

One micrometers (μm) is equal to how many nanometers (nm)?

1000

Mitochondria use carbohydrates to produce:

ATP

The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy dependent cellular reactions is _________.

ATP

Which molecule is used to fuel all energy dependent cellular processes?

ATP

Chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, undergoes coiling and condenses during cell division to form

Chromosomes

The internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred as the ____________.

Cytoskeleton

Which of these cells have a membrane bound nucleus?

Eukaryotes only

Which organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then repackages them for export in secretory vesicles?

Golgi apparatus

A protistan engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. Which organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down this molecule?

Lysosome

A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a

Lysosomes

Bacterial cell walls contain which complex molecule composed of carbohydrate chains connected by peptides?

Peptidoglycan

Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of which type of organelle?

Peroxisomes

Which organelle is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus?

Ribosome

Formerly called microfilaments, ___________ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion.

actin

Chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize _______ during a process called photosynthesis.

carbohydrates

The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the _______

cell

The smallest structure capable of performing all the basic functions of life is the

cell

Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?

cell theory

Evidence supports a similar process for the origin of the energy organelles, the __________ that carry out photosynthesis and the _________that carry out cellular respiration.

chloroplasts; mitochondria

Due to a mutation in the HEXA gene, a substance called GM2, normally present in the tissues and nerve cells of the brain, accumulates there. This mutation mainly effects enzymes associated with which organelle in an affected individuals' cells?

lysosomes

All cells, except prokaryotes, covert carbohydrate energy to ATP within an organelle called the

mitochondria

In a eukaryotic cell, within which organelle does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria

Molecules that can attach, detach, and reattach to actin filaments to produce movement are called:

motor molecules

What is the main function of the bacterial cell wall?

protection

Chromatin consists of DNA and associated:

proteins

The rough ER differs from the smooth ER in that it is covered with:

ribosomes

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with:

ribosomes

Which two statements are part of the cell theory?

- All organisms are made up of cells. - All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cells in which two domains lack a membrane-bound nucleus?

- Archaea - Eubacteria

Select the following which relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell.

- Cell shape - Cilia and flagella - Organelle movement

Which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments?

- Formation of cell-to-cell junctions - Support the nuclear envelope - Support the plasma membrane

Which of the following are components of the endomembrane system?

- Golgi apparatus - The nuclear envelope - Endoplasmic reticulum - Vesicles

Which of the following are components of the cytoskeleton?

- Microtubules - Intermediate filaments - Actin filaments

Select all examples of cells that are prokaryotic.

- archaeal cell - bacterial cell

Select all of these that are components of the cytoplasm.

- dissolved organic molecules - water - salts

Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use?

- mitochondria - chloroplasts

Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi?

Chitin

The process of photosynthesis occurs within organelles called ___________.

Chloroplast

The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called

cellulose

According to endosymbiotic theory, organelles specific to plants called __________, probably evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors.

chloroplast

flagella

long thin appendages used for locomotion

Which protein forms microtubules in the cell?

tubulin