chapter 3 enviromental science test chapter 5 and 6

Population change is calculated using which formula?

(births + immigration) − (deaths + emigration)

. The crude birth rate is the number of live births per ____ persons in a given year.

. 1,000

What is one factor that accounts for large family size in India

. a preference for male children means that couples will continue having children

There are ____ limits to population growth in nature.

. always

Some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans _

. are vulnerable to extinction

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children per 1,000 births who die ____.

. before their first birthday

The pollination of flowering plants by species such as honeybees is ____

. mutualism

. Since 1955, the global life expectancy has risen to __

71 years

Demographers estimate the human population in 2050 to be between 7.8 and 10.8 billion—a range of three billion. Why is the estimated range so wide?

Projections are made by a variety of organizations.

Kelp forests play key roles in marine ecosystems, in part by supporting important biodiversity. These kelp forests are threatened by ____.

sea urchins

Kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of ___

seaweed

. What type of succession begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, and that contains soil or bottom sediment?

secondary succession

The exponential rate of growth of the total human population over the past 100 years has been a result of ____.

sharp drop in death rates

. Kelp forests help reduce ____ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand.

shore erosion

. The capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called ____.

stability

An example of an internal parasite is a ____.

tapeworm

. What is an example of a K-selected species

whales

Bats prey on certain species of moths by using high-frequency echolocation to locate them. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of ____.

coevolution

A population increases through birth and

immigration

. The ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is called ____.

inertia

What occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?

interspecific competition

6. If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following?

resource partitioning

. What was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900s?

They had thick, luxurious fur.

What is a feature of r-selected species

They have populations that fluctuate between high and low.

. The text suggests that one key demographic statistic is the percentage of people in a region who are under 15 years of age. Why is this statistic important?

Young people are poised to move into their prime reproductive years.

Which of the following exhibits primary succession?

a rock exposed by a retreating glacier

If the resilience of a damaged ecosystem is low enough, the degraded area may not be restored by secondary succession. When this happens, the damaged ecosystem has reached ____.

a tipping point

What occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other?

commensalism

What is the most common interaction between species?

competition

What concept describes the maximum number of people who can live in reasonable comfort and freedom indefinitely?

cultural carrying capacity

Currently, how many people worldwide do not have their basic needs met?

one out of every seven people

What is the centerpiece of China's family planning and birth control policy?

one-child families

What circumstance would decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child?

opportunities for women to participate in education and employment

To some analysts, the key problem with people collectively degrading the earth's life-support system is the large number of people in less-developed countries, while other analysts state that the key factor is ____.

overconsumption in affluent countries

What is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations

population density

The hypothesis known as the demographic transition states as countries become industrialized and economically developed, their ____

populations grow more slowly

Species with a capacity for a high rate of population growth are called ____.

r selected species

Each population in an ecosystem has a ____ to variations in its physical and chemical environment.

range of tolerance

The U.S. population is ____.

rapidly growing

Parasites ____.

rarely kill their hosts

Which of the following exhibits secondary ecological succession?

recently flooded land

What refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance?

resilience

Through natural selection, different species of birds called honeycreepers have shared resources by evolving specialized beaks to take advantage of certain types of food such as insects, seeds, fruits, and nectar from certain flowers. This is called ____

resource partitioning

Environmental refugees are people who have to leave their homes and sometimes their countries because of __

. environmental degradation

By 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the United States were drastically reduced, but now, since laws have been passed to protect them and their natural predators, their population has ____

. exploded

The situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often less suitable for itself is called ____.

. facilitation

Countries whose population is not growing have an age structure diagram that ____.

. has little variation in prereproductive and reproductive age groups

Rapid population decline is least likely to result in ___

. increased pensions and lowered retirement age

Large numbers of people are moving from rural areas to urban areas and most of these urban dwellers live in ___

. less-developed countries

Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are ____.

. life expectancy and infant mortality rate

Exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size stabilizes is typical of ____

. logistic growth

When two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource, it is called ____.

. mutualism

Which factor is least likely to affect current birth and fertility rates?

. number of people 60 or older

. What is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism?

. parasitism

A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic region is called a(n) _

. population

A 2015 study by the Pew Research Center found that between 2009 and 2014, more legal and illegal immigrants in the United States ____ than migrated to the United States.

. returned to Mexico

1. Based on recent U.S. census data, what shape in an age-structure chart would best illustrate the effects of the baby-boom in the United States?

. stable base with a slight bulge near the top

Some analysts argue that ____ has increased the earth's carrying capacity for the human species.

. technology

The U.S. total fertility rate has remained at or below replacement rate since what year?

1972

Between 1955 and 2015, the global total fertility rate (TFR) dropped from 5.0 in less-developed countries from 5 to

2.5

. Members of the baby-boom generation make up ____% of all adult Americans.

25

The 2015 U.S. population of 322 million is expected to reach what level by 2050?

398 million

If every woman on the earth had no more than an average of 2.1 children during their reproductive years, the human population would continue to rise for ____ years.

50

Which statement about China is true?

China has many critical resource and environmental problems.

Which country, which has discouraged immigration in the past, is now finding its economic future threatened due to the effects of a declining population?

Japan

Most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems ___

are in a state of continual disturbance and chang

The total fertility rate is the ____.

average number of children born to women in their reproductive years

The primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is ecologically important is because they ____.

b. are a keystone species

What has caused the population of the southern sea otters to fluctuate?

b. parasites that breed in cats

Which factor is more likely to increase the likelihood of a couple having a child?

b. religious beliefs

The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of ___

carrying capacity

. Some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting. What is this called?

chemical warfare

What is the most common distribution of populations?

clumped

When populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. What is this called?

coevolution

. The nonpoisonous ____ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-tasting ____ butterfly, which is a protective device known as ____

d. viceroy; monarch; mimicry

The hind wings of the Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. What is this called?

deceptive looks

A population with more old people than young people is likely to have a(n)_

decrease in population

. Emigration is the ___

departure movement of individuals from a population to another area

Plants such as pitcher plants share a commensalistic interaction with large trees in tropical and subtropical forests by attaching to the trunks or branches of the trees. The pitcher plants are examples of ____

epiphytes

39. When plotting the number of individuals in a population against time, the data yield a J-shaped curve. What does this curve indicate?

exponential growth

In areas with low infant mortality rates, women tend to have ____.

fewer children

Which country is currently facing a declining population?

germany

. Rapidly growing countries have an age structure diagram that ____.

has a broad based pyramid

Which country had the world's longest life expectancy in 2012?

japan

Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum conditions. What is this ecological principle?

limiting factor

Grasslands have ____ and can burn easily.

low inertia

An age structure diagram plots the number or percentage of ___

males and females among age groups in a population

The relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called ____.

mutualism