Chapter 3: Individual Differences and Emotions

Which individual differences are universally considered undesirable?

- narcissism - Machiavellianism - psychopathy

Select ways to improve self-esteem.

- perform at a high level - think of desirable characteristics possessed by yourself - apply yourself to things important to you

It is believed that awareness of multiple intelligences should play an important role in

- performance - training - employee selection

Select characteristics of a person with height self-efficacy.

- plans, prepares and practices - avoids or neutralizes obstacles - active in selecting opportunities - sets goals

Intelligence entails a person's capacity for ___.

- reasoning - constructive thinking - problem solving

Which statements about emotional intelligence are true?

- research on its effectiveness shows mixed results - it can make or break an individual in a given job

Select the components of core self-evaluations.

- self esteem - emotional stability - generalized self-efficiency - locus of control

Select the elements of emotional intelligence.

- self-awareness - relationship management - self-management - social-awareness

Select all that apply to those with an external locus of control.

- tend to be more anxious - demonstrate less motivation for performance - earn lower salaries and smaller salary increases

Which of the following are true of using core self-evaluations in a managerial role?

- the training power of core self-evaluations is limited because of the fixed nature of the traits - using core self-evaluations as one characteristic works better than using the four traits - self-efficacy is more flexible to use in training than the other traits

Which of the following are true concerning the search for employees with the right personality type?

- there is no ideal personality profile - employers should try to find a fit for an employee's personality - one personality does not fit all jobs

Check all of the following statements that are true of liking and fit.

- they are not particularly beneficial for managers - they are not precise enough to have real value in management - most people evaluate a person's personality by whether or not they like them

Which of the following characteristics are true of psychopaths?

- they can be aggressive - they sometimes lack concern for others - they do not feel guilt or remorse for hurting others

Which characteristics are true of narcissists?

- they require excessive admiration - they have a grandiose sense of self-importance - they are exploitative and manipulative

Which of the following describe how effective managers should address personality?

- they should pay attention to emerging scientific data on how personality affects important work processes and outcomes - they should be scientific - they should be precise

Extroversion

Outgoing, talkative, social, assertive

A person's general belief about his or her own self-worth is:

Self-esteem

Which dimensions of emotional intelligence constitute personal competence?

self-management and self-awareness

Before managers can identify the best job candidates, it is first necessary for them to identify

The intelligences necessary for the job.

When evaluating core self evaluations,

The whole is greater than the sum of the parts

Bodily intelligence

Using one's mind and body to coordinate physical movement

Job design

Complex jobs tend to enhance self-efficacy

Select the benefits of high emotional intelligence.

- greater level of teamwork - increased creativity - ability to apply positive emotions to work

Problem who possess an internal locus of control

Believe their success is due to their own efforts

Individual differences are determined by

Both genetics and environment

Openness

Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded

It is very common for entrepreneurs to exemplify

Proactive personality type

Select all that apply to those with an internal locus of control.

- have strong expectations that effort leads to performance - display greater work motivation - derive more job satisfaction from performance

It is believed that intelligence increases due to a combination of which factors?

- healthier nutrition - technological complexity - better schooling - improved socioeconomics

Which of the following are true concerning using personality tests in the workplace?

- it is helpful to use experts outside the company to help select an appropriate test - it is critical to make sure the test is legally sound and does not violate applicant's rights - there should be independent research validating the effectiveness of the test

Which of the following are true of personality?

- it is stable across situations - it results from the interaction of genes and the environment - it combines characteristics that give people unique identities

Core self-evaluations have a desirable effect upon which of the following outcomes?

- job/life satisfaction - motivation - job performance

Which of the following are accurate uses of a basketball analogy for core self-evaluations?

- the core self-evaluation is the team and the traits are the players - emotional stability and self-esteem are like teammates

Which questions should one ask when attempting to build emotional intelligence?

- what are the differences between how you see yourself and how others see you? - what matters to you? - what changes will you make to achieve your goals?

Angry

Get some distance from the situation to avoid losing control, consider the reason, and communicate with the person

Which shape on a graph best represents the relationship between increasing emotional stability and outcomes?

An inverted-U

Musical intelligence

Appreciate, compose and perform music

Which individual differences are flexible and altered more easily?

Attitudes and emotions

Emotional intelligence has been shown to ___.

Be associated with increased well-being and satisfaction

A person's intelligence

Can be increased.

Which statement is true of emotional display norms in an organization?

They determine which emotions members should show in various situations.

Which statement is true of core self-evaluations?

They represent a broad personality trait composed of four narrow traits.

A word of caution about using personality tests is to be sure

To use properly trained employees to administer tests or analyze results

Which of the following are common features of Machiavellians?

- being manipulative - maintaining emotional distance - believing the ends justify the means

Displayed emotuons

- can affect other people's reactions - convey messages to nearby people - may differ from felt emotions

People with an internal locus of control

- can usually overcome setbacks - feel that they control their destiny - blame their own flaws for poor results

Which of the following behaviors have been shown by research to improve intelligence?

- constructive thinking - reasoning - problem solving

Major reasons the companies use personality tests include

- decreasing bias against applicants - reducing expenses associated with hiring - expanding the number of candidates being considered

Which of the following statements are true about emotions?

- emotions communicate messages to others - emotions can change psychological states - emotions can motivate behavior

The two forms of locus of control are

Internal and external

A person with a ___ personality is someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who affects environmental change.

Proactive

Select the practical implications of multiple intelligence.

- employees can be developed in areas of need based on intelligence - it explains how a child can score poorly on an IQ test and yet be gifted in one or more ways - it is important to identify intelligences relevant to a job during the selection process

Which employee factors are important for managers to understand in order to create a productive and satisfying person-job fit?

- potential - abilities - personality traits

Intelligence training that does not replicate what users actually do in their daily life lacks which essential characteristics?

Generalizability

Which emotions are considered goal incongruent?

Guilt, anxiety, and jealousy

Research suggests that CEOs with high CSEs

Have a positive impact on organizational drive

Leadership

High self-efficacy managers should be given an opportunity to prove themselves under pressure

Why do critics suggest that IQ tests are not a reliable predictor of performance?

IQ tests measure things taught in school rather than innate intelligence or ability

Frustrated

If results don't meet your expectations, reassess your plan and be patient

When both the employee and manager have proactive personalities this results in:

Increased job performance, satisfaction and affective commitment

The term ___ is used to collectively describe people's traits and behaviors that are influenced by genetics and environments.

Individual differences

High levels of self-efficacy

Lead to success

Linguistic intelligence

Learn and use spoken and written languages

Naturalistic intelligence

Live in harmony with the environment

A relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility you take for your behavior and it's consequences is:

Locus of control

A person who is willing to manipulate others and use any method, even those that are unethical or unfair, to gain an advantage over others in the workplace can be considered a(n)

Machiavellian

People with proactive personalities

Make efforts to change and improve things around them.

Creativity

Managerial support of workplace creativity raises self-efficacy

Select all the leaders who are perceived as introverts.

Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates

Which individual differences are stable over time and difficult to change?

Mental abilities and intelligence

A person who lavishes you with praise one minute and puts you down the next, or who always blames you for bad outcomes but demands all the praise for good outcomes, is likely a(n)

Narcissist

A ___ concept of personality enables you to more precisely describe individuals.

Narrow

Sternberg applied what he called "practical intelligence" to leadership by using and aspect of intelligence referred to by Gardner as

Naturalistic intelligence

Managers are likely to be able to influence ___ by implementing policies that positively impact self-evaluations, attitudes and emotions.

Performance and job satisfaction

The combination of stable physical, behavior and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities is called:

Personality

The ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, share, and select environments is called:

Practical intelligence

Extroversion has been found to ___.

Predict job performance better than agreeableness

What is the recommended way to deal with the stress of having too many commitments?

Prioritize and focus on doing what is most important

Stressed

Prioritize commitments

Which personality type is linked to intentions to be entrepreneurial?

Proactive

A person who has no close friends, lowers office morale through aggression and counterproductive work behaviors, and feels no remorse when his or her actions cause harm to others is likely a(n)

Psychopath

Emotional stability

Relaxed, secure, unworried

Anger is usually a ___ emotion.

Retrospective

Over the past seven decades, intelligence levels in developed countries have

Risen significantly

How people feel about their chances of doing something successfully is known as ___.

Self-efficacy

Which component of CSEs is the most flexible and therefore best suited to being a focal point for employee training?

Self-efficacy

Which of the following often fall short when diversity of intelligences is taken into account?

Training programs

True or false: A person's scores on the Big Five reveal a personality as unique as that person's fingerprint.

True

True or false: At a certain level emotional stability becomes problematic.

True

True or false: Intelligence and mental abilities are related to performance.

True

True or false: Personal achievements and praise tend to bolster one's self-esteem.

True

Agreeableness

Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted

Intrapersonal intelligence

Understand and regulate oneself

Interpersonal intelligence

Understand, connect, and work with others

Which characteristics must intelligence training have for experts to consider it effective?

- adaptive - variety - generalizability

Which statement best describes the results of research on the effectiveness of brain training games?

The evidence is inconclusive, but it suggests that the games are not effective.

Personality testing at the workplace

Should be scientifically proven to work for its intended use.

Studies imply that managers

Should help develop self-efficacy in their employees by mentoring and role modeling

Compared to people with an external locus of control, people with an internal locus of control

Show greater motivation

The most effective method for raising one's self-esteem is to think of

Desirable characteristics possessed

Goal setting and quality improvement

Difficulty must match employees perceived self-efficacy

People with high emotional stability

Carry out more organizational citizenship behaviors

Rejected

Evaluate the opinion and the person giving it and ask for clarification

People who believe they control the events and consequences that affect their lives are said to possess a(n):

Internal locus of control

Viewing personality in terms of liking and fit

Is not an effective perspective for management.

People can use the skills associated with practical intelligence to

- adapt to their environment - manage tasks - manage themselves and others

What are the four components of core self-evaluations?

(1) emotional stability (2) locus of control (3) self-efficacy (4) self-esteem

Select the Big Five Personality Dimensions.

(1) extroversion (2) agreeableness (3) openness to experience (4) emotional stability (5) conscientiousness

The best situation in business is for you and your manager to

Both have proactive personalities.

Which statement about managers assessing their own emotional intelligence is true?

Both personal and social competence are important for managers

The continuum of individual differences places attitudes and emotions at the ___.

Bottom

A ___ concept of personality allows you to more effectively predict behavior.

Broader

Spatial intelligence

Can recognize and use patterns

Which personality trait has the strongest and most positive effect on performance?

Conscientiousness

Coaching

Constructive pointers and feedback especially for those victimized by learned helplessness is important

A broad personality trait comprised of four narrower and positive individual traits as components is called:

Core self-evaluations

Which of the following is a recommended method of understanding which individual differences are valued by employees?

Create a public profile of important managers and leaders in the organziation

Logical intellignece

Deductive reasoning, problem analysis

Conscientiousness

Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent

Rules that dictate which types of emotions are expected and appropriate at a given time are:

Emotion display norms

The ability to monitor your own emotions and those of others, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is:

Emotional intelligence

Individuals with high levels of ___ tend to be relaxed, secure, unworried and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure.

Emotional stability

To be an effective manager, a person shoukd

Evaluate personality in a precise and scientific manner.

Which statement about the prevalence of introversion is true?

Everyone has some level of introversion

Those who believe their performance is a product of circumstances beyond their immediate control posses a(n):

External locus of control

Those who believe they performance is a product of circumstances beyond they immediate control possess a(n):

External locus of control

True or false: You must be born with self-efficacy.

False

When attempting to build emotional intelligence, to what should you compare your self assessment results?

Feedback from others on how they see you in terms of the same competencies

People with an external locus of control

Feel that their success is explained by environmental factors

Managers should hire and test for workers who possess traits that are relatively

Fixed

Managers have more influence over

Flexible individual differences

The emotion of fear is usually

Forward-looking.

Training and development

Guided experiences improve employee self-efficacy

Intelligence is more practically thought of as

Multiple intelligences

The dimensions of emotional intelligence that form social competence are

Social awareness and relationship management

Personality tests are not a valid predictor of performance because ___.

Test-takers do not describe themselves accurately

How effective are brain training games at improving cognitive performance?

The evidence is inconclusive

Self-management

Training linked to goal setting, action planning, and self-motivation increases self-efficacy