Chapter 34: Stress
Which of the following is not characteristic of the Selye stress syndrome? a. Adrenal atrophy b. Shrinkage of the thymus c. Bleeding gastrointestinal ulcers d. Shrinkage of lymphatic organs
ANS: A 783
An effect of cortisol is: a. increased protein catabolism. b. decreased blood sugar. c. increased immune response. d. increased allergic reactions.
ANS: A 790
Severe stress may result in all of the following except: a. an overactive immune system. b. an increase in heart rate. c. a rise in adrenaline levels. d. changes in breathing patterns.
ANS: A p782
A person with a high blood level of adrenaline would be in what stage of the general adaptation response? a. Alarm b. Resistance c. Exhaustion d. Either A or C
ANS: A p785
The level of glucocorticoids would be at their lowest during which stage of stress? a. Exhaustion b. Alarm c. Resistance d. Recovery
ANS: A p785
The anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by: a. CRH. b. ACTH. c. ADH. d. epinephrine.
ANS: A p790
What is the relationship between stress and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)? a. Stress stimulates the hypothalamus to release CRH, which acts as a trigger that initiates many diverse changes in the body. b. Stress inhibits the release of CRH from the hypothalamus, which allows for the secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. c. Stress stimulates the release of CRH from the hypothalamus, which then acts to simulate the sympathetic centers. d. Stress inhibits the release of CRH from the hypothalamus, which allows for the secretion of catecholamine in the blood.
ANS: A p790
Which of the following would not be a useful measure for assessing stress? a. Total blood cholesterol b. Eosinophil count c. Lymphocyte count d. Adrenocorticoid levels
ANS: A p792
All of the following are components of the "stress triad" observed by Hans Selye except: a. enlarged adrenals. b. hypertrophied skeletal muscles. c. shrunken lymphatic organs. d. bleeding gastrointestinal ulcers.
ANS: B p783
All of the following are true statements except: a. stressors are extreme stimuli. b. stressors are always injurious, unpleasant, or painful. c. the emotions of fear, anxiety, and grief can act as stressors. d. stressors differ in different individuals.
ANS: B p784-785
Alarm reaction responses resulting from increased sympathetic activity include all of the following except: a. decreased digestion. b. decreased and prolonged sympathetic responses. c. hyperglycemia. d. increased systolic blood pressure.
ANS: B p785
Because of the demands of his job, Frank has been under a great deal of stress. He was experiencing an increase in the secretion of glucocorticoids, and the number of lymphocytes and eosinophils decreased markedly. However, recently these changes disappeared. What stage in Selye's general adaptation syndrome is Frank now experiencing? a. Alarm reaction b. Stage of resistance or adaptation c. Stage of exhaustion d. Stress triad
ANS: B p785
Increased _____ is characteristic of the alarm stage of stress. a. lymphocytes b. glucocorticoids c. parasympathetic activity d. eosinophils
ANS: B p785
The general adaptation syndrome includes all of the following stages except the: a. alarm reaction. b. immune response. c. stage of resistance or adaptation. d. stage of exhaustion.
ANS: B p785
The stress triad refers to: a. alarm, exhaustion, and resistance. b. hypertrophied adrenals, atrophied thymus and lymph nodes, and bleeding ulcers. c. stressor, stress, and response. d. health, stress, and disease.
ANS: B p785
Which of the following is not an alarm reaction response resulting from hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex? a. Hyperglycemia b. Decreased digestion c. Decreased immunity d. Decreased allergic responses
ANS: B p785
Which of the following is a condition that can produce allostatic load? a. Infrequent stress from multiple sources b. Failure to adapt to a repeated stress c. Ability to shut off allostatic responses when a threat is removed d. Adequate allostatic responses that trigger the release of chemical mediators
ANS: B p788
Which is not a response to the release of the hormone neuropeptide Y? a. Platelet aggregation b. Atrophy of the vascular smooth muscle c. Vasoconstriction d. All of the above are responses to neuropeptide Y.
ANS: B p790
According to Selye, stress can be defined as a state or condition produced by: a. physical trauma. b. psychological trauma. c. diverse nocuous agents. d. emotional trauma.
ANS: C p783
Which of the following is an indication that a person is in the exhaustion stage? a. Dissipation of the "fight-or-flight" response b. An increase in glucocorticoid secretions from the adrenal gland c. Development of a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or duodenum d. Both B and C
ANS: C p785
Which of the following is the name for the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome? a. Reinforcement b. Transition c. Resistance d. Defense
ANS: C p785
According to the current concepts of the stress syndrome, stress may be defined as any factor that stimulates the: a. posterior pituitary. b. anterior pituitary. c. hypothalamus to release CRH. d. hypothalamus to release ADH.
ANS: C p788
In response to stress, the adrenal cortex secretes: a. norepinephrine. b. norepinephrine and cortisol. c. cortisol and aldosterone. d. norepinephrine and aldosterone.
ANS: C p788
______refers to the cumulative effect of long-term exposure to stress. a. Stress syndrome b. Stress response c. Allostatic load d. Allostatic overload
ANS: C p788
Which of the following is not an effect of cortisol? a. Increased protein catabolism b. Decreased allergic responses c. Fight-or-flight responses d. Decreased immune responses
ANS: C p790
Changes in stress related to aging include: a. decrease in potential for hypercoagulation. b. decrease in catecholamine and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). c. frequent decrease in coping skills, alteration of limbic lobe, and hypothalamus excitability. d. increase in testosterone, estrogen, and thyroxine.
ANS: C p791
Which of the following would not occur as a body response to stress? a. Increased systolic blood pressure b. Increased epinephrine in the urine c. Constriction of the pupils d. Increased adrenocorticoids in the urine
ANS: C p791
All of the following disciplines have added to our understanding of stress except: a. genetics. b. endocrinology. c. sociology. d. All of the above disciplines have added to our understanding of stress.
ANS: D p783
Which of the following conditions may accompany stress? a. Depression b. Sleep disorders c. Low blood pressure d. Both A and B
ANS: D p783
Which of the following determine(s) which stimuli are stressors for each individual? a. Heredity b. Past experiences c. Either extreme of a continuum d. All of the above
ANS: D p784-785
Alarm reaction responses resulting from the hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex include: a. hyperglycemia. b. decreased immunity. c. decreased allergic responses. d. all of the above.
ANS: D p785
Hyperglycemia is a(n): a. indication that the alarm reaction response is finished and the body is moving on to the resistance stage. b. result of sympathetic activity in the alarm reaction. c. result of hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex in the alarm reaction. d. Both B and C are correct.
ANS: D p785
One characteristic of the stage of resistance of the general adaptation syndrome is: a. increased rate of secretion by the adrenal cortex. b. decreased allergic responses. c. hyperglycemia. d. normal rate of secretion by the adrenal medulla.
ANS: D p785
The amount of stress a person is feeling can be directly measured by: a. an electrocardiogram. b. measuring the amount of adrenaline in the blood. c. measuring the systolic blood pressure. d. none of the above.
ANS: D p785
Which of the following is not characteristic of the exhaustion stage of stress? a. It occurs less frequently than the other stages. b. It may develop over a long period of stress. c. It decreases the body's ability to adapt. d. The body's resistance eventually produces adaptation.
ANS: D p785
Which of the following is(are) characteristic of the stage of exhaustion? a. Initially increased glucocorticoid secretion but eventually marked decreased secretion b. Loss of resistance to stressor; may lead to death c. Stress triad d. All of the above
ANS: D p785
Which of the following is a category that classifies stressful experiences? a. Positive stress b. Tolerable stress c. Toxic stress d. All of these are categories that classify stressful experiences
ANS: D p787
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released by the _____ in response to stress. a. adrenal medulla b. adrenal cortex c. anterior pituitary d. hypothalamus
ANS: D p788
The production of cortisol in response to stress can be initiated by which of the following pathways? a. Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex b. Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, adrenal cortex c. Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, sympathetic nerve fibers, adrenal cortex d. Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, sympathetic nerve fibers, adrenal medulla
ANS: D p788
According to the current concepts of the stress syndrome, an example(s) of stress that stimulate(s) the hypothalamus indirectly would be: a. stress stimulating the limbic lobe first. b. stress stimulating other parts of the cerebral cortex first. c. hypoglycemia. d. both A and B.
ANS: D p790
Release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone directly causes: a. an increase in glucose, which corrects the hypoglycemia. b. the posterior pituitary gland to release ACTH. c. the release of cortisol. d. none of the above.
ANS: D p790
Joanne was admitted to the hospital for gallbladder surgery. The nurse noted a rapid pulse rate and elevated blood pressure while taking her vital signs. Joanne's palms were sweating and her eyes were dilated. What mechanisms could be causing these conditions? a. A reaction to autoimmune response b. Antigen-antibody response c. Decrease in bile production d. Stress
ANS: D p791
Type A individuals have been found to be at greater risk for: a. elevated systolic blood pressure. b. coronary disease. c. heart attacks. d. all of the above.
ANS: D p792
