Chapter 35 Plant Parts

3 MAIN functions of roots

Absorption Anchor Food Storage

Dermal tissue or epidermis covers and protects ________

All young parts of the plant

Dendrochronology

Analysis of tree ring growth patterns

_______ is the concentrating of resources on growing taller increases the plants exposure to light.

Apical dominance

Dendrochronology can be used to study past ______.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Growth occurs just behind the root tip in three zones of cells which are zone of ______, zone of ______, and zone of _______.

Cell division Elongation Maturation

The initials in the vascular cambium increase its ______ and add secondary _______ to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside.

Circumference/xylem

_______ cells support the shoot, are grouped into strands or cylinders and are flexible with elongated stems/leaves.

Collenchyma cells

The _______ cambium gives rise to the secondary plant body's protective covering, known as the periderm.

Cork

Each plant organ has _____, _____ and ground tissues.

Dermal, vascular

Secondary growth adds ______ to stems and roots in WOODY plants.

GIRTH

A stem consists of ____ which are the points at which leaves are attached.

NODES

Taproot system

One large vertical root produces many small branch roots

Sapwood

Outer layers that still transport materials through the xylem as a tree ages

Trichomes are _____ of the shoot epidermis and can help with _______.

Outgrowths/insect defense

Below the _______ mesophyll in the upper part of the leaf is loosely arranged _______ mesophyll, where gas exchange occurs.

Palisade/Spongy

______ growth lengthens roots and shoots.

Primary

The innermost layer of the cortex is called the _______.

endodermis

In non-woody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of the ______.

epidermis

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are the _______ system.

ground tissue

Each stomatal pore is flanked by two _______ cells.

guard

Late wood, formed in the ______, has thick ________ and contributes more to stem support.

late summer/ cell walls

An axillary bud is a structure that has the potential to form a _______, or branch.

lateral shoot

The _____is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants.

leaf

Parenchyma cells are the _____ specialized.

least

Axillary buds develop from _________ cells left at the bases of leaf primordia.

meristematic

The ground tissue in a leaf is called _______. (between upper and lower epidermis)

mesophyll

Secondary growth is characteristic of gymnosperms and many eudicots but not _______.

monocots

Lateral roots arise from within the _____, which is the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.

pericycle

In woody plants, protective tissues called ______ replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.

periderm

Leaves generally consist of a flattened blade and a stalk called the ____, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

petiole

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is called the ____.

pith

Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots, a process called ________ growth.

primary growth

In a cross section, the vascular cambium appears as a ______ of initials.

ring

The root tip is covered by a ______, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil.

root cap

In most plants, absorption of water and minerals occurs near the _____.

root hairs

Growth occurs just behind the ______.

root tip

Root hairs occur near the ______.

root tips

The epidermis in leaves is interrupted by ______, which allow CO2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf.

stomata

Lateral SHOOTs develop axillary buds on the stem's ________.

surface

Vascular cambium develops from ________ cells.

undifferentiated parenchyma

Terminal buds have a _____ growth.

upward

The ____ cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

vascular

The secondary plant body consists of tissue produced by the _______ cambium and ______ cambium.

vascular/cork

Schlerenchyma cells are located in the ______.

xylem

Veins are the leaf's vascular bundles and function as the leaf's ______.

SKELETON

As a tree or woody shrub ages, the older layers of _______ (heartwood), no longer transport water and minerals.

Secondary xylem

Early wood, formed in the ______, has thin ______ to maximize water delivery.

Spring/ cell walls

Shoot system consists of ______ and leaves.

Stems

Ground tissue includes cells specialized for _____, _______, and support.

Storage, photosynthesis,

Roots rely on _____ produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system, and shoots rely on _____ absorbed by the root system.

Sugar/Water and minerals

Schlerenchyma cells function for both ______ and _______.

Support and Transport

In _______ regions, the vascular cambium of perennials is dormant through the winter.

Temperate

An apical bud or ______, is located near the shoot tip and causes _____ of a young shoot.

Terminal bud/ Elongation

Fibrous root systems

Thin roots that spread out BELOW the soil surface

Apical meristems are located at the _______ of roots and shoots and at the ______ buds of shoots.

Tips/axillary

Bark consist of all the tissues external to the ________ cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm.

Vascular

Name the 2 cambiums.

Vascular cambium and Cork cambium

In most eudicots, the ________ consist of vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring.

Vascular tissue

Axillary buds form a _____ branch.

Vegetative

Secondary xylem accumulates as _______.

WOOD

Root system is when soil provides ____ and minerals.

Water

Adventitious roots

arising above ground from stems or even from leaves

Each vein in a leaf is enclosed by a protective _______.

bundle sheath

The _______ cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher.

cork

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is called the ______.

cortex

A waxy coating called the _______ helps prevent water loss from the epidermis.

cuticle

The vascular cambium is a ______ of meristematic cells one cell layer thick.

cylinder

Apical dominance helps maintain _______ in most non apical buds.

dormancy

Parenchyma cells perform ____ functions of the plant.

Metabolic

The vascular tissue system carries out ______ distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.

LONG DISTANCE

Tree rings are visible where ______ meet, and can be used to estimate a tree's age.

Late and early wood meet

Periderm consists of the cork cambium plus the ______ it produces.

Layers of cork cells

_____ develop from leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem.

Leaves

_______ in the periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air.

Lenticels

_____ allow for indeterminate growth.

Meristems