Chapter 35 Plant Parts
3 MAIN functions of roots
Absorption Anchor Food Storage
Dermal tissue or epidermis covers and protects ________
All young parts of the plant
Dendrochronology
Analysis of tree ring growth patterns
_______ is the concentrating of resources on growing taller increases the plants exposure to light.
Apical dominance
Dendrochronology can be used to study past ______.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Growth occurs just behind the root tip in three zones of cells which are zone of ______, zone of ______, and zone of _______.
Cell division Elongation Maturation
The initials in the vascular cambium increase its ______ and add secondary _______ to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside.
Circumference/xylem
_______ cells support the shoot, are grouped into strands or cylinders and are flexible with elongated stems/leaves.
Collenchyma cells
The _______ cambium gives rise to the secondary plant body's protective covering, known as the periderm.
Cork
Each plant organ has _____, _____ and ground tissues.
Dermal, vascular
Secondary growth adds ______ to stems and roots in WOODY plants.
GIRTH
A stem consists of ____ which are the points at which leaves are attached.
NODES
Taproot system
One large vertical root produces many small branch roots
Sapwood
Outer layers that still transport materials through the xylem as a tree ages
Trichomes are _____ of the shoot epidermis and can help with _______.
Outgrowths/insect defense
Below the _______ mesophyll in the upper part of the leaf is loosely arranged _______ mesophyll, where gas exchange occurs.
Palisade/Spongy
______ growth lengthens roots and shoots.
Primary
The innermost layer of the cortex is called the _______.
endodermis
In non-woody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of the ______.
epidermis
Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are the _______ system.
ground tissue
Each stomatal pore is flanked by two _______ cells.
guard
Late wood, formed in the ______, has thick ________ and contributes more to stem support.
late summer/ cell walls
An axillary bud is a structure that has the potential to form a _______, or branch.
lateral shoot
The _____is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants.
leaf
Parenchyma cells are the _____ specialized.
least
Axillary buds develop from _________ cells left at the bases of leaf primordia.
meristematic
The ground tissue in a leaf is called _______. (between upper and lower epidermis)
mesophyll
Secondary growth is characteristic of gymnosperms and many eudicots but not _______.
monocots
Lateral roots arise from within the _____, which is the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.
pericycle
In woody plants, protective tissues called ______ replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.
periderm
Leaves generally consist of a flattened blade and a stalk called the ____, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.
petiole
Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is called the ____.
pith
Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots, a process called ________ growth.
primary growth
In a cross section, the vascular cambium appears as a ______ of initials.
ring
The root tip is covered by a ______, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil.
root cap
In most plants, absorption of water and minerals occurs near the _____.
root hairs
Growth occurs just behind the ______.
root tip
Root hairs occur near the ______.
root tips
The epidermis in leaves is interrupted by ______, which allow CO2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf.
stomata
Lateral SHOOTs develop axillary buds on the stem's ________.
surface
Vascular cambium develops from ________ cells.
undifferentiated parenchyma
Terminal buds have a _____ growth.
upward
The ____ cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
vascular
The secondary plant body consists of tissue produced by the _______ cambium and ______ cambium.
vascular/cork
Schlerenchyma cells are located in the ______.
xylem
Veins are the leaf's vascular bundles and function as the leaf's ______.
SKELETON
As a tree or woody shrub ages, the older layers of _______ (heartwood), no longer transport water and minerals.
Secondary xylem
Early wood, formed in the ______, has thin ______ to maximize water delivery.
Spring/ cell walls
Shoot system consists of ______ and leaves.
Stems
Ground tissue includes cells specialized for _____, _______, and support.
Storage, photosynthesis,
Roots rely on _____ produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system, and shoots rely on _____ absorbed by the root system.
Sugar/Water and minerals
Schlerenchyma cells function for both ______ and _______.
Support and Transport
In _______ regions, the vascular cambium of perennials is dormant through the winter.
Temperate
An apical bud or ______, is located near the shoot tip and causes _____ of a young shoot.
Terminal bud/ Elongation
Fibrous root systems
Thin roots that spread out BELOW the soil surface
Apical meristems are located at the _______ of roots and shoots and at the ______ buds of shoots.
Tips/axillary
Bark consist of all the tissues external to the ________ cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm.
Vascular
Name the 2 cambiums.
Vascular cambium and Cork cambium
In most eudicots, the ________ consist of vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring.
Vascular tissue
Axillary buds form a _____ branch.
Vegetative
Secondary xylem accumulates as _______.
WOOD
Root system is when soil provides ____ and minerals.
Water
Adventitious roots
arising above ground from stems or even from leaves
Each vein in a leaf is enclosed by a protective _______.
bundle sheath
The _______ cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher.
cork
Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is called the ______.
cortex
A waxy coating called the _______ helps prevent water loss from the epidermis.
cuticle
The vascular cambium is a ______ of meristematic cells one cell layer thick.
cylinder
Apical dominance helps maintain _______ in most non apical buds.
dormancy
Parenchyma cells perform ____ functions of the plant.
Metabolic
The vascular tissue system carries out ______ distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.
LONG DISTANCE
Tree rings are visible where ______ meet, and can be used to estimate a tree's age.
Late and early wood meet
Periderm consists of the cork cambium plus the ______ it produces.
Layers of cork cells
_____ develop from leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem.
Leaves
_______ in the periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air.
Lenticels
_____ allow for indeterminate growth.
Meristems