Chapter 39 - Verbs

Past Participle Form

Form perfect tenses and the passive voice; Usually has the same form as the past tense, though some verbs have irregular; Can also function as adjectives (verbals)

-Clauses expressing a wish -As "if" and as "though" clauses -"That" clauses expressing a request or demand -"If" clauses expressing a condition that does not exist

Formal writing requires the use of the subjunctive in the following types of dependent clauses...

Present Participle Form

Constructed by adding -ing to the base form; Used with auxiliary verbs to indicate a continuing action or condition; Sometimes function as adjectives or nouns (gerunds)

Infinitive; Gerund; Participle

English sentences must have at least one verb or verb phrase that is not simply an _____, a _____ or a _____ without any helping verbs.

Five

Except for "be", all English verbs have ____ possible forms.

Perfect Forms

Express actions completed before another action or time in the present, past, or future.

Perfect Progressive

Express actions that continue up to some point in the present, past, or future.

Progressive Forms

Express continuing actions

-Base Form -Past Tense -Past Participle - Present Participle -"-S" Form

Five verb forms.

Present; Past

In writing, stick to the ____ and ____ tenses to describe habitual actions.

Present Tense

Includes: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive forms

Past Perfect Progressive

Indicates a continuing action or condition in the past that had already been happening when some other past action happened; Uses the past perfect form of "be" (had been) and the -ing form of the main verb

Simple Present

Indicates action or conditions occurring now and those occurring habitually; can also indicate a scheduled future event if the sentence explains when the even will take place; When writing about action in literary works; when quoting, summarizing, or paraphrasing

Present Perfect

Indicates actions begun in the past and either completed at some unspecified time in the past or continuing into the present; present form of "have" (has, have) and a perfect participle (ex. talked)

Past Perfect

Indicates actions or conditions completed by a specific time in the past or before some other past action occurred; Uses "had" and a perfect participle (ex. talked)

Simple Future

Indicates actions or conditions that have not yet begun; Uses "will"

Future Perfect

Indicates actions or conditions that will be completed by or before some specified time in the future; uses "will have" and a perfect participle (ex. talked)

-S Form

Indicates an action in the present for third-person singular subjects (he, she, and it); (Except for "be" and "have") this form consists of the base form plus -s or -es.

Past-Tense Form

Indicates an action or condition that occurred entirely in the past; formed by adding -ed or -d to the base form; "Be" has two forms: "was" and "were"

Past Progressive

Indicates an action was in progress in the past; Uses a past form of "be" (was, were) and the -ing form of the main verb. Used infrequently in English and focuses on duration or calls attention to a past action that went on at the same time as something else.

Future Progressive

Indicates continuing actions or conditions in the future; uses future form of "be" (will be) and -ing form of main verb

Future Perfect Progressive

Indicates continuing actions or conditions that will be completed by some specified time in the future; uses future perfect form of "be" (will have been) and -ing form of main verb.

Simple Tenses

Locate an action only within three basic time frames of present, past, and future.

could, would

Modals politely acknowledging that the person you are talking to may be unable or unwilling to do what you ask

present; future

Modals refer to ____ or ____ time.

1. Modal 2. "have" to indicate perfect tense 3. "be" to indicate a progressive tense 4. "be" to indicate the passive voice

Order of two or more auxiliaries in a verb phrase

"be"; past participle

Passive voice uses the appropriate form of auxiliary verb ____, followed by _____ of the main verb. ex. Huge pine trees [were uprooted] by the storm.

-lain -laid -sat -set -risen -raised

Past Participle of: -Lie (recline) -Lay (put) -Sit (be seated) -Set (put) -Rise (get up) -Raise (lift)

-lay -laid -sat -set -rose -raised

Past Tense of: -Lie (recline) -Lay (put) -Sit (be seated) -Set (put) -Rise (get up) -Raise (lift)

"had to", "needed to"

Past tense form of "must"

-lying -laying -sitting -setting -rising -raising

Present Participle of: -Lie (recline) -Lay (put) -Sit (be seated) -Set (put) -Rise (get up) -Raise (lift)

-lies -lays -sits -sets -rises -raises

S Form of: -Lie (recline) -Lay (put) -Sit (be seated) -Set (put) -Rise (get up) -Raise (lift)

Base Form

The form of the verb listed in the dictionary; (except "be) indicates an action or condition in the present when the subject is plural or when the subject is "I" or "you".

"Be";"were"

The past subjunctive is the same as the simple past except for the verb ____, which uses _____ for all subjects.

Am, is, are

Three forms of "be" in the present tense

Present; Past; Future

Three simple verb tenses

Was, were

Two forms of "be" in the past tense

"having"

Use _______ plus the past participle to indicate action occurring before that of the main verb. ex. [Having changed] his mind, he [voted] against the proposal.

"to have"

Use _______ plus the past participle to indicate that an action occurred before the action of the main verb. ex. He [appeared to have left] his wallet at home.

Infinitive

Use the ____ to indicate actions occurring at the same time as or later than the action of the main verb in the clause. ex. The child [waved to greet] the passing trains. ex. Each couple [hopes to win] the dance contest.

Base Form

Use the ______ form of a verb after a modal.

Present Participle

Use the ______ to indicate actions occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb. ex. [Seeking] to relieve unemployment, Roosevelt [established] several public works programs.

Have

Used to form perfect tenses and indicate completed action

Do

Used to show emphasis, to form questions, and to make negative statements

Present Progressive

Used when an action is in progress now; uses a present form of "be" (am, is, are) and the "-ing" form of the main verb

Be

Used with progressive forms that show continuing action and to form the passive voice

Subjunctive mood

expresses wishes or conditions that are contrary to fact.

Future Tense

-Simple Future -Progressive Future -Perfect Future -Perfect Progressive Future

Past Tense

-Simple past -Past progressive -Past perfect -Past perfect progressive

Modal

Auxiliary verbs that indicate future action, possibility, necessity, or obligation can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to

Active Voice

When the subject is acting

Passive Voice

When the subject is being acted on

Perfect

When using a modal to refer to the past, follow the modal with a ______ form of the main verb.

Present Perfect Progressive

indicate continuous actions begun in the past and continuing into the present; formed by perfect form of "be" (have been, has been) and the "-ing" form of the main verb.

Simple Past

indicates actions or conditions that occurred at a specific time and do not extend into the present

will

modal indicating complete confidence

may, might

modals indicating a tentative suggestion

can, may, should, must, will

modals indicating whether an action is suggested or required

Be, Have, Do

most common helping verbs