Chapter 3.CNC

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

Homeostasis

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

Groan and move her eyes

Henry Gustav Molaison had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain?

amygdala

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

amygdala

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and fine motor skills.

cerebellum

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Clive Wearing could remember which of the following types of memory?

how to play the piano

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

Lateralization

The deep groove that separates the brain into two parts

Longitudinal Fissure

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

More than one gene

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

medulla

Hyperpolarization means that the ____

membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

midbrain

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

motor cortex; dopamine

The ___ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system

pituitary

The ____ _____ connects the brain and spinal cord

pons? medulla?

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a ?tracer? and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Which of the following is not a part of the limbic system?

substantia nigra

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders.

Testosterone

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

. beta-endorphin Potential effect on behavior: Decreased anxiety, decreased tension

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

Action Potential

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

Adrenal

The_____is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

Amygdala

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?

An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete

Androgens

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe

Audition

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

a blank scan involves taking a number of X-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain

CT Scan

Two major divisions of the nervous system are the

Central nervous system (CNS)Peripheral nervous system (PNS

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up?

D) It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.

Endocrine;hormone

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

Evolution by natural selection

he effects of neurotransmitters tend to be_____, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be_____.

Fast; long lasting

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

Frontal

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

The blank nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract

Parasympathetic

_______ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.

Range of Reaction

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images are shown to only the

Right Visual Field

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus

Smell

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

Somatic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the _____.

Spinal Cord

The physical space between two neurons; also called the synaptic cleft.

Synaptic Gap

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

Terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?

The cell membrane is semi-permeable

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the _______ that contributes to certain behaviors.

biology

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?

computerized tomography (CT) scan

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs are drugs commonly prescribed for

depression

____ a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, & motor behavior.

dopamine

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

_____ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

electroencephalography (EEG)

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A difference in _____ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; Bb

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ______

hormones

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

hypothalamus

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

increase

Randolph is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. he suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. this is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

limbic system; emotional

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skills deficits in the left side of the body

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ______ balance.

neurotransmitter

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________.

receptors; receptors Agonists: chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site and, thus, strengthen its effects.Antagonist: blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor

The _______extends through the hindbrain midbrain and forebrain?

reticular formation

Which of the following is not a part of the fight or flight response?

running away

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing

temperature, touch, and pain

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain

temporal

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine _______

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

The ________ is a midbrain structure critical to movement

the ventral tegmental area