Chapter 4 Disorders and Diseases of the skin Study Guide
What are Acne Triggers?
1. Genetics - Its important to know if your family had acne during puberty or other times; acne could be a family disorder and client acne could be influenced by DNA 2. Hormones - The adrogen fluctuations during puberty, monthly menstrual cycle hormone surges, pregnancy, and preimenopause contribute to oil production change that bring on comedones, papules and pustules that usually evidence themselves periodically. 3. Evironment - working in a poor environment includes poor air quality, pollutants or comedogenic exposure can increase the inflammatory response of the sebaceous glands. Changing seasons humidity and temperature influence oil production. 4. Lifestyle - Stress can stimulate the adrenal gland to produce more hormones which can lead to more oil production. 5. Cosmetics and Skin Care Products - Certain ingredients in products can aggravate acne; fatty ingredients such as wax, and some oils can clog and irritate follicles. 6. Diet - Foods with higher glucse index processed foods foods with heavy iodide content and dairy are thought to be contributing factors to acne.
What are acne treatments?
1. Genetics - an esthetician can help someone with genetic acne skin get and keep breakouts under control and improve but not cure the acne. With comprehensive holistic approach the client can expierence the best improvements of the skin 2. Hormones - Treatments for hormonally induced acne include additional exfoliation to keep the stratum corneum thin so oil can escape to the surface more easily. 3. Environment - encouraging clients to cleanse their face at the end of the workday to remove residual pollution, oil, grime and other pore-clogging factors can improve skin quality; treatments that exfoliate as well as oxygenate the skin can help 4. Lifestyle - Suggesting lifestyle changes can help clients find the triggers that stimulate an acne flare-up. 5. Cosmetics and skin care products - Education on routine cleaning of makeup brushes and use of disposable sponges to apply foundations can help with breakouts 6. Diet - Encourage clients to eat a healthier diet and drink plenty of water.
What is Grade 2 acne?
1. Many closed comedones (whiteheads) 2. More open comedones (blackheads) 3. Occasional papules and pustules
What is Grade 1 acne?
1. Minor breakouts 2. Mostly open comedones (blackheads) 3. Some closed comedones (whiteheads) a few papules (pimples - small evevation on the skin that contains no fluid but pus may develop
What is Grade 3 acne?
1. Red and Inflamed 2. Many comedones 3. Papules 4. Pustules
What is the ABCDE Skin Cancer Checklist?
A - Asymmetry; The two sides of the lesion are not identical B - Border; The border is irregular on these lesion C - Color; Melanomas are usually dark and have more than one color or colors that fade into one another D - Diameter; The lesion in a melanoma is usually at least the size of a pencil eraser E - Evolving; Melanoma as a lesion often changes appearence
What is Retention Hyperkeratosis?
A hereditary factor dead skin cells build up because they do not shed from the follicles as they do normal skin.
What type of person is more susceptible to skin cancer?
A lighter complexion person with a tendency to burn with sun exposure is more susceptible to skin cancer.
What is a comedo (Comedones)?
A non-inflamed buildup of cells, sebum, and other debris inside follicles.
What is a Dermatologist?
A physician who treats these disorders and diseases
What is Seborrhea?
A servere oiliness of the skin; an abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands
What is Papule?
A small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus.
What is Nodule
A solid bump larger than 0.4 inches (1cm) that can be easily felt.
What is a Keloid?
A thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue. Keloids will form along any type of scar for people susceptible to them.
What is a Tumor?
Abnormal mass varying in size, shape, and color. Any type of abnormal mass not always cancer.
What are examples of Papule?
Acne Warts Elevated Nevi
What are examples of Pustule?
Acne Impetigo Folliculitis
What is a closed comedo?
Also known as whiteheads; The opening of the follicles are blocked with debris and white cells. Shouldnt be confused with a more hardened white type of papules called milia
What is a Wheal?
An ichy, swollen lesion that can be caused by a blow, scratch, bite of an insect or urticaria (skin allergy) or a sting of a nettle.
What is Acne?
An inflammatory skin disorder of the sebacious glands, medically known as acne simplex or acne vulgaris.
What is Vascular lesions?
Another name for the third type of lesions Tertiary
What are the three types of Skin cancer?
Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma
What is the difference between the 3 skin cancers?
Basal Cell Carcinoma - The most common and least severe Squamos Cell Carcinoma - More serious then basal Malignant Melanoma - Most serious form of skin cancer (least common but 100% fatal if left untreated.
How to determine Malignant Melanoma?
Black or dark patches on the skin are usually uneve in texture, jagged, or raised; Melanomas may have surface crust or bleed.
How does a Papules become a Pustules?
By becoming more infected and pus develops. Therefore the infected papules becomes a pustule.
How does an Esthetician benefit a diagnosed client?
By providing help with common disorders and conditions such as; rosacea, acne and hyperpigmentation.
What is treament for Milias?
Can be treated in spa/salon. increasement of exfoliation. using retinol product can thin stratum corneum and gradually eradicate milia. Another way of treatment is using extraction tool making tiny opening in the epidermis to expose milia. If they dont pop leave them alone Gentle pressure can remove them from opening.
What is an example of a Tumor?
Cancer
What does Malignant mean?
Cancerous
What does Sebum do to follicles/skin?
Cause irritation to the follicle and cause inflammation.
How is skin cancer formed?
Cells begin to divide rapidly and unevenly.
What is a Cyst and Tubercle?
Closed abnormally developed sac that contains pus, semifluid or morbid matter above or below the skin. Acyst can be drained of fluid and a tubercle cannot.
What are examples of Bulla?
Contact dermatitis Large second degree burns Bulbous Impetigo Pemphigus
What is a Fissure?
Crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis
What is Grade 4 acne?
Cystic Acne; Cysts with comedones, papules, pustules, and inflammation.
How is skin cancer caused?
DNA
What is Crust?
Dead cells that form over a wound or blemish whie healing; acccumilation of sebum and pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal cells.
What is the medical study of the skin called?
Dermatology
How is Sebaceous Hyperplasia described and detected?
Described as doughnut shaped with an indentation in the center. They are White, yellow or flesh-color
How is Acne characterized?
Excess Sebum production
How are pores clogged?
Excess oil and dead skin cells can plug pores which create comedones, papules, pustules and cysts.
What are examples of Scale?
Excessive dandruff psoriasis
What is a Pustules?
Filled with fluid from dead white blood cells that fought the infection.
How are primary lesions characterized?
Flat nonpalpable changes in the skin color or by elevations formed by fluid in a cavity such as vesicles or pustules
What is Macule?
Flat spot or discoloration on the skin
What are examples of Macule?
Freckles Age Spots
What are the grades of acne?
Grade 1 is mild usually treatable with over the counter care. Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 progressed to consistant breakouts and deep cysts that require medical intervention
What are examples of Wheal?
Hives Misquito bites
What is Sebaceous Hyperplasia?
Involves benign lesions frequently seen in oilier areas of the face.
What does Carcinoma mean?
It is a cancerous tissue
Why is a open comedo dark?
It is exposed to oxygen and oxidation occurs.
Why can't an esthetician diagnose disorders or diseases?
It is outside of an esthetician scope to diagnose clients.
How to determine Basal Cell Carcinoma?
It usually appears as light, pearly nodules; Characteristics include; sores reddish patches or Smooth growth with an elevated border
Why is it important for an esthetician to understand disorders and dieseases?
It's important for an Esthetician to understand skin disorders and dieases for the protection of both the technician and the client. Estheticians may not perform services on clients who have contagious or infectious diseases.
What is an open comedo?
Known as a blackhead open at the surface and exposed to air. When the follicle is filled with excess oil a blackhead is formed.
What is Bulla?
Large blister containing a watery fluid similar to a vesicle
What are primary lesions?
Lesions in the initial stages of development or changes.
What are examples of Tubercle?
Lipoma Erythema nodosum
What is Squamous cell carcinoma?
More serious form of skin cancer than basal cell carcinoma
What is Basal Cell Carcinoma?
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer.
What is Malignant Melanoma?
Most serious form of skin cancer it can spread quickly! (metastasize)
What is an example of Excoriation?
Nail cuticle damage from nail biting
What are Cysts?
Nodules made up of deep pockets of infection. Skin forms and hardens tissue around the infection to stop the spread of bacteria, which can lead to both depressed and raised scars from damage to dermal tissue. Cystic acne - Because its in the dermis this variety of acne ; Should be treated by medical professional
What does Benigh mean?
Not harmful
What are sebaceous filaments found?
Often found on the nose.
What is an Ulcer?
Open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body; accompanied by loss of skin depth and possibly weeping of fluids or pus.
How are secondary lesions characterized?
Piles of material on the skin surface such as crust or scab or by depressions in the skin surface, such as an ulcer.
Name and define Secondary Lesions
Piles of material on the skin surface. The 7 Secondary Lesions Crust Excoriation Fissure Keloid Scale Scar or Cicatrix Ulcer
What are examples of Vesicle?
Poison Ivy Poison Oak
What is an example of a Scar?
Post- operative repair
What are the three types of lesions?
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Name and define Primary Lesions
Primary Lesions are the initial stage of development or change. The 9 Primary Lesions are; Bulla Cyst and Tubercle Macule Nodule Papule Pustule Tumor Vesicle Wheal
What is Pustule?
Raised, inflamed, papule with a white or yellow center containing pus in the top of the lesion.
What are papules?
Red, inflamed lesions caused by this process.
What are examples of Crust?
Scab Sore
How to determine Squamous cell carcinoma?
Scaly red, or pink papules or nodules. Appears as an open sore or crusty area ( can grow and spread through the body
What is Seborrheic dermatitis (dandriff)
Seborrhea found in the scalp.
What are results of when follicles are blocked?
Sebum and dead skin buildup stops oxygen from reaching the bottom of the follicle
Other Fact
Sebum mixed with cells in follicle becomes comedones (plugs in follicles)
What is an example of Cyst?
Severe acne
What are examples of Fissure?
Severely cracked and/or chapped hands, lips, or feet.
What are Sebaceous Filaments?
Similar to open comedones are mainly small, solidified impactions of oil without the cell matter. These filaments also block the follicle and can cause an acne breakout.
What is Excoriation?
Skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping
What is a Scar or Cicatrix?
Slightly raised or depressed area of the skin that forms as a result healing process related to an injury or lesion.
What is Vesicle?
Small blister or sac containing clear fluid, lying within or beneath the epidermis.
What is Milia?
Small epidermal cysts that appear as firm white papules.
What are Lesions?
Structural changes in the tissues caused by damage or injury.
What are examples of Nodule?
Swollen lymph nodes Rheumatoid nodules
What does Vascular lesions involve?
The blood or circulatory system
What is dermatology?
The branch of medical science that studies and treats the skin and its disorders and diseases.
What is the main follicle involved in acne?
The hairless follicle with attached sebaceous gland.
What is Oncology?
The medical study of cancer, its causes, and treatments
What is Actinic Keratosis?
The pink or flesh color precancerous lesion that feels sharp or rough and is result of sun damage.
What is the pilosebaceous unit?
The term for the entire follicle that includes the hair shaft, sebaceous gland, and sebaceous duct or canal to the surface.
How to identify Milias?
They are whitish, pearl-like masses of sebum and dead cells under the skin with no visible opening and are often mistakenly called whiteheads.
What is a Scale?
Thin, dry, or oily plate of epidermal flakes.
How many forms is Skin cancer risk found in?
Three distant forms that vary in severity.
What does some references call tertiary also known as the third type of lesions?
Vascular lesions
What causes clogged folllicles?
factors that include excess oil, retention hyperkeratosis and sebaceous filaments. Also the opening or ostium of the follicle may be too small to let impactions out.