General Biology 1: Final Exam Review Guide

Mendel Laws of inheritance

1. The principle of Segregation Two members of gene pair segregate from each other in the formation of gametes 2. Principle of independent assailment Different traits assort independents of one another in the formation of gamete

Homologous structrues

Organ of bone that appears indifferent animals, underling anatomical communities demonstrating, decent from a common ancestor

Genetic drivt

Change in the frequency of a gene variant alleles in a population due to supplying organisms

Phenotype

Composite of an organism observable characteristics or traits productive of behavior

Oogenesis

Creating of an ovum egg cell

Dihybrid cross

Cross between 2 different lines that differ I'm 2 observed traits

Restriction enzyme

Cut a DNA molecule at a particular place

Natural selection

Different survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype

Crossing over

Exchange material between homologous chromosomes that result in recombination chromosomes during sexual reproductipm

Nondisjunction

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate property during cell division

Ova

Female reproductive cell or gamete of animals, which is capable of developing only fertilization into new individuals

Homologus

Pairing at meiosis having the same structure fractures and pattern genes

Incomplete dominance

For, of intermediate in heritage in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele

Sex-linked

Genes that are carried by either sex chromosome

Heterozygous

Having one each of 2 different alleles

Vestigial structures

Humans the variform appendix; it has lost much ancestors functions

Homozygous

Individual has 2 of the same allele, wherever dominant face or recessive

Artificial structure

Intentional breeding of plants or animals

Gel electrophoresis

Laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA proteins according to molecules

Species

Largest group of organism in which 2 individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using reproductions

Founder effect

Loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger pop

Genetic engineering

Modification of an organisms genetic an position often involving the transfer of specific, or geese

Spermatogensis

Process which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells by way of mitosis and meiosis

Co- Dominance

Relation to 2 alleles of gene pair in heterozygous that are both fully expressed

Hybrid

Result of maxing through sexual reproductions, 2 animals or plants of different breed

Genotype

Sequence of the genetic makeup of a cell and therefore of an organic or individual, which determines phenotype of that cell

Phylogenetic tree

Showing the interned evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entity there phylogeny

Analogous structures

Similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have different orgins

Plasmid

Small circle double stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from w cells chromosomal DNA

Gene flow

Transfer of alleles or Genoese from population to another

Mixed breed

Undocumented or unknown parental while a crossbreed generally has known of 2 distinct breeds

Cladogram

Used in cls districts which shows relations among organism

Polygenic inheritance

When one characteristics is compelled by 2 more Genes

Differentiation

Which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell

Selective breeding

Which humans use animal breeding and plant breeds to selectively develop particular phenotype traits

Crossbreed

An animal of pant produced by hybridization 2 differ met species breeds or varieties

Replication

Biological process of producing 2 identical replicants of DNA from one original DNA molecule

Purebred

Bred from parents or the same breed of variety

Germ cell

Cell containing half the number of chromosomes of a cell and able to unite with one from opposite sex to an individual; a gamete

Meiosis

Cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes the parent cell by half and produce 4 gamete cells

DNA fingerprinting

Test to identify and equate the genetic information called DNA in persons cells

Chromosomes

Thread like structures inside the nucleus of animals and plant cells