Chapter 5 BIO study questions
glycogen
A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.
DNA
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.
chitin
At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.
energy storage and release
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.
Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?
water
In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.
double helix; running antiparallel
In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.
trace elements
Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except __________.
adenine and guanine
Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________.
they are all disaccharides
One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.
amino acid molecules
Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.
a single amino acid change; primary structure
Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.
a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates
Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.
carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)
Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
The components of nucleic acids are __________.
phospholipids
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.
cholesterol
The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide
The peptide bond is __________.
molecules called chaperonins
The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.
hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet
The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.
primary
The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.
lipids
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?
glycosidic linkages
The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.
peptide
The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.
covalent
The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.
cis double bonds; liquids
When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.
hydrophobic
Which is the term for compounds that do not mix with water?
Cellulose, a plant cell wall component
Which of the following is a polymer?
chaperonins
Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?
water
__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.
